REN R 121 > Plant Cell Structure > Flashcards

Plant Cell Structure Flashcards

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1
Q

Prokaryote

A

Cells without a nucleus found in bacteria and archaea, only 1-5 micrometres

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2
Q

Eukaryote

A

Cells with a nucleus bound in a nuclear membrane found in animals, plants, fungi, protists

10-100 micrometres

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3
Q

Cell Size and Surface Area Pattern

A

Large cells are at a disadvantage because it takes more time for the nucleus to commuicate to the cell surface

Small cells are more efficient because they have a higher surface area to volume ratio

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4
Q

Protoplasm

A

EVERYTHING in the cell including the nucleus bound in the plasma membrane

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5
Q

Cytoplasm

A

All cellular components between the plasma membrane and the nucleus

Protoplasm - nucleus = cytoplasm

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6
Q

Cytosol

A

Soup-like fluid within the cytoplasm in which organelles are disoersed

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7
Q

Cell walls provide the basis of ….

A

food, fuel, and shelter that sustains a majority of life

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8
Q

Importance of Cell Wall to Plants

A

Maintains cell shape
Controls cell expansion
Provides protection
Regulates transport
Stores food reserves

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9
Q

Cell Wall Composition

A

Structural carbohydrates together with variable amounts of lignin and small amounts of proteins and minerals

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10
Q

Structural carbohydrates in cell wal

A

Cellulose, hemicellulose, pectins and glycoproteins

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11
Q

Pectins

A

A structural carbohydrate found mainly in the middle lamella and primary cell wall, where they function to hold cells together

The organic material that gives stiffness to fruit jellies

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12
Q

Cellulose

A

Composed of glucose monomers in long chains that serve as a primary food source for grazing animals

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13
Q

Hemicellulose

A

Gluelike substance that holds cellulose fibrils together

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14
Q

Glycoproteins

A

Proteins that have sugars associated with their molecules and a structural component of cell walls

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15
Q

Middle lamella

A

A layer of pectin first produced when new cell walls are formed that are outside of the primary cell walls and normally shared by two adjacent cells

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16
Q

Secondary Cell Walls

A

Produced toward the inside of primary cell walls by thickening and inclusion of lignin (complex polymer)

Contains more cellulose than primary walls, and thicken as plants age due to the higher concentration of lignin

Lignin is very important for structure

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17
Q

Plasmodesmata

A

Tiny strands of cytoplasm that extend between cells through minute openings that facilitate the translocation of sugars, amino acids, ions, and other substances through the primary walls of adjacent cells

The middle lamellae and most cell walls are permeable and permit slow movement of water and dissolved substances between sells

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18
Q

Classroom Allegory for Eukaryotic cells

A

Prof = nucleus
Students = organelles
Door Security = Plasma membrane
Brick walls = Cell Wall
Air in Room = cytosol
Air + students (without prof) = Cytoplasm
Everyone and Everything = Protoplasm

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19
Q

Plasma Membrane and Function

A

Outer boundary of the living part of the cell.

Regulates the movement of substances in and out of the cell (semi-permeable or selectively permeable)

Produces and assembles cellulose for cell walls

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20
Q

Phospholipid bilayer

A

Plasma membrane layer made of hydrophobic tail (hydrophobic lipids) connected to a phosphorus head (hydrophilic).

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21
Q

Cholesterol and Phospholipid bilayer

A

Cholesterol helps to stabilize the phospholipid bilayer and controls what passes through

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22
Q

Plasma Membrane Composition

A

Carbohydrates are linked by covalent bonds to lips and proteins on the outer surface

Proteins interspersed throughout that control transport of materials

Phospholipids arranged in two layers

Carbohydrates

Cholesterol to stabilize the phospholipid bilayer

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23
Q

Nucleus Function

A

“Control centre of a cell”

DNA provides the original info needed to fulfill cells’ needs for growth, differentiation, and other complex activities

Stores hereditary info which is passed to other cells as they form

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24
Q

Nuclear Pores

A

Pores that permit only certain kinds of molecules to pass between the nucleus and the cytoplasm to allow proteins to carry into the nucleus and RNA to be carrier out.

Makes up 1/3 of the total surface area of the nuclear envelope

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25
Layers of the Nucleus
1. Nuclear Envelope 2. Nucleolus 3. Nuclear Pore
26
Nucleoplasm
A granular-appearing fluid in the nucleus that is packed with short fibers. Nucleoli (singular: nucleolus) is suspended in nucleoplasm and is composed of RNA and associated proteins
27
Chromatin
Strand coils inside a nucleus and is composed of DNA When a nucleus divides, these strand coils become shorter and thicker. When condensed like this, they are called chromosomes
28
Chromosomes
Condensed chromatin
29
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Connected with the outer membrane of the nucleus Enclosed space consisting of a network of flattened sacs and tubes that form channels throughout the cytoplasm
30
Endoplasmic reticulum Functions
Facilitates cellular communication and channelling of materials Synthesis of membranes for other organelles Modification of proteins from components assembled from elsewhere within the cell
31
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Has Ribosomes distributed on the outer surface Associated with synthesis, secretion, and/or storage of proteins
32
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
Has few (if any) ribosomes lining the surface Associated with lipid secretion Typically on the outer ER on diagrams
33
34
Traits seen in both Smooth and Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Synthesizes enzymes involved in cellular respiration Appears to be the primary site of membrane synthesis within the cell
35
Ribosomes
Small, spherical organelles floating in the cell cytoplasm or attached to membranes (mainly on endoplasmic reticulum) Composed of two subunits that are composed of RNA and proteins Subunits are associated with RNA molecules that initiate protein synthesis
36
Dictyosomes
Stacks of flattened discs or vesicles scattered throughout the cytoplasm Often bounded in branching tubules that originate from the ER, but are not directly connected to it
37
Golgi apparatus
An aggregation of dictyosomes in protein-secreting cells.
38
Dictyosomes Functions
Involved in the modification of CHOs attached to proteins that are synthesized and packaged in the ER Assembles complex polysaccharides, collected in small vesicles Vesicles migrate to the plasma membrane to secrete contents out of the cells
39
What makes something an organelle?
Having a specialized function and are membrane bound. Ribosomes may or may not be organelles because they are not membrane bound
40
Substances Secreted by Vesicles
Cell-wall polysaccharides Floral nectars Essential oils
41
Dictyosomes and Endoplasmic Reticulum
Enzymes needed to package the proteins are produced by the ER and then modified by the dictyosomes Dictyosomes are basically the “post offices” of the cells
42
Plastids
Develop from proplastids, which are small, pale green or colorless organelles having roughly the size and form of mitochondria Occurs in various shapes and sizes
43
Chloroplast
Most common plastid in plant cells. Algae and a few other plants have 1-2 per cell. 75-125 in high er plants
44
Stroma
An aqueous matrix in chloroplasts containing a system of thylakoid membrains called grana
45
Thylakoid membranes
Flattened tubes in which clusters of chlorophyll and carotenoid pigments are embedded next to enzyme complexes Multiple = grana
46
Chloroplasts contain…
Thylakoid membranes with clusters of chlorophyll and carotenoid pigments. a DNA molecule that encodes for production of certain proteins related to photosynthesis and other activities RNA and ribosomes, which facilitates some protein synthesis
47
Chromoplasts
Develop from chloroplasts with the disappearance of chlorophyll Yellow, orange, or red most abundant in ripe tomatoes, carrots, or red peppers
48
Leucoplasts (and types)
Plastids that are essentially colorless Includes: -Amyloplasts: synthesize and store starches -Elaioplasts: synthesize and store oils -Proteinoplast: synthesize and store proteins
49
Mitochondria Composition
C-skeletons and fatty acid chains rearrange within mitochondria to build a variety of organic molecules Bound by two membranes. The inner membrane has platelike folds called cristae that increase surface area available to enzymes Matrix fluid containing DNA, RNA, ribosomes, proteins, and dissolved substances
50
Microbodies
Small and spherical organelles that contain specialized enzymes and are bound by a single membrane. Distributed throughout the cytoplasm and tend to give it a granular appearance
51
Vacuoles
A sac filled with cell sap (a watery fluid) that maintains cell pressure and pH, and stores cell metabolites and waste.
52
Mitochondria
Contains the energy that is released from organic molecules through cellular respiration required for the functioning of individual cells. Numerous and tiny. In constant motion in living cells and accumulate in groups where energy is needed.
53
Types of Microbodies
Peroxisomes: contains enzymes needed by plants to do photorespiration during hot conditions. Near the chloroplast Glyoxisomes: contains enzymes that aid in conversion of fats to CHS during seed germination. Near the mitochondria Lysosome: stores enzymes that digest proteins and large molecules
54
Cell Sap and what it contains
Found in a vacuoles. Slightly to moderately acidic Maintains pressures within the cell and contains dissolved substances such as salts, sugars, organic acids, small quantities of soluble proteins, and water-soluble pigments
55
Cytoskeleton
A network constructed of microtubules and microfilaments involved in movement within a cell and in a cell’s architecture
56
Microfilaments and Function
A part of the cytoskeleton A part of cytoplasmic streaming (cyclosis) occuring in living cells, which facilitates the exchanges of materials within the cell and the movement of stances in the cell
57
Microtubules and Function
A part of the cytoskeleton Composed of proteins called tubulins and commonly found inside the plasma membrane. Controls the addition of cellulose to the cell wall and is involved in cell division, movement of cytoplasmic organelles, vesicle movement, and flagella and cilia movement
58
Cell Characteristics Present in Higher Plant Cells, but not Animal Cells
Cell wall Plasmodesmata Plastids Vacuoles (much smaller or not present)
59
Peroxisomes
microbodies that contain enzymes needed by plants to do photorespiration during hot conditions. Near the chloroplast
60
Glyxiosomes
microbodies that contain enzymes that aid in conversion of fats to CHS during seed germination. Near the mitochondria
61
Lysozome
microbodies that store enzymes that digest proteins and large molecules
REN R 121
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