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Biology MIDTERM Flashcards

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1
Q

Organelle

A

“mini organ” a cell structure with a specific job.

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2
Q

Nucleus

A

Directs all cell metabolism; contains DNA (directions to make proteins)

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3
Q

Ribosomes

A

The site where protein is made (synthesized) looks like tiny dots; can be freely floating or bound to the ER.

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4
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

A

fluid filled canals that act like factories; rough ones have ribosomes on the membranes and smooth ones have no ribosomes. They make lipids (fats)

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5
Q

Vesicle

A

transport bubbles to move cell products; involved in Endo and exocytosis (moving things in and out of cells)

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6
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

stacks of membranes that store proteins (like an Amazon warehouse)

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7
Q

Vacuole

A

storage organelle for food and water; larger in plant cells.

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8
Q

Lysosome

A

vesicles (storage bubbles) containing digestive enzymes

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9
Q

Chloroplast

A

the site of photosynthesis (glucose production)

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10
Q

Mitochondria

A

the site of cellular respiration; makes usable ATP (energy) from glucose (food) active cells (heart, muscle, nerves,) have more mitochondria than others.

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11
Q

Cell Wall

A

Maintains shape and provides protection; found in plant, fungal, and most bacterial cells.

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12
Q

All cells have:

A

Cell Membrane, Genetic material, and Cytoplasm.

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13
Q

Cell membrane

A

the thin outer covering of a cell with select permeability. (only certain things can pass through it)

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14
Q

Genetic material

A

has DNA, controls metabolism.

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15
Q

Cytoplasm

A

the watery material inside a cell.

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16
Q

Things found in plant cells but NOT in animal cells:

A

Chloroplasts, cell Wall, and LARGE water vacuoles.

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17
Q

Nutrition

A

take materials from the environment and change into usable forms. ex. the lion ate the buffalo.

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18
Q

Transport

A

substances enter and leave cells and become distributed. ex. the animals take in oxygen and release carbon dioxide. (moving through blood)

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19
Q

Cellular Respiration

A

nutrients are broken down to release chemical energy (ATP) ex. doing a push-up (cells convert glucose into ATP energy to do a push-up)

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20
Q

Synthesis

A

to make or build complex substances that become part of their structure. ex. food helps build muscle.

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21
Q

Growth

A

organisms increase in size through use of nutrients. ex. you eat food to grow.

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22
Q

Excretion

A

the removal of wastes from the cells. ex. you excrete carbon dioxide when you breathe.

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23
Q

Regulation

A

all activities that help maintain homeostasis (stable/steady state) ex. you hunt to get food in order to be stable/ healthy.

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24
Q

Reproduction

A

living things produce new organisms of their own kind. asexual = clone sexual = variation. ex. cape buffalo reproduced to have a baby.

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25
Metabolism
the sum of ALL chemical reactions within the cells of an organism.
26
Atrium
the upper receiving chambers of the heart (small, thin-walled)
27
LEFT atrium
the atrium that receives oxygen-rich blood from the lungs
28
RIGHT atrium
the atrium that receives oxygen-poor blood from the body.
29
ventricles
the lower pumping chambers of the heart (large, thick-walled)
30
RIGHT ventricle
the ventricle that pumps blood to the lungs.
31
LEFT ventricle
the ventricle that pumps blood to the rest of the body.
32
vena cava
the largest vein (transports oxygen-poor blood from the body to the heart)
33
superior vena cava
the upper vena cava
34
interior vena cava
the lower vena cava
35
pulmonary arteries
transports oxygen-poor blood away from the heart to the lungs.
36
pulmonary veins
carries oxygen-rich blood from the lungs to the heart.
37
aorta
the largest artery (arch)
38
salivary glands
moistens and lubricates food
39
esophagus
muscular tube which moves ingested food to the stomach
40
liver
makes bile that breaks down fats
41
gallbladder
stores bile before releasing it
42
pancreas
a gland that makes enzymes for digestion
43
mouth
salivary enzymes begin to break up food particles with teeth as well.
44
stomach
secretes gastric juice and acid, continues to break down food, and stores it.
45
small intestine
where all the nutrients from food are digested
46
large intestine
the longer and thicker intestine that stores/brings food to the rectum
47
colon
where water from food is absorbed (in the large intestine)
48
rectum
where the feces is stored
49
anus
where the feces is excreted
50
digestion happens in two ways:
chemically (spit) and physically (chewing with your teeth)
51
the small intestine produces: ___ and ___ when digesting food
protease and lipase.
52
villi
little hairs on the inside of your small ingestion that absorbs nutrients.
53
carbohydrates
molecules that contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. (#1 source of energy)
54
what are carbs made out of
glucose / monosaccharides
55
bonds
connections that hold atoms together to create larger molecules
56
lipids
molecules that contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (long term energy storage, insulation, and cushioning.)
57
what are lipids made out of
glycerol and 3 fatty acids
58
proteins
molecules that contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen AND nitrogen (muscles and hormones)
59
what are proteins made out of
different types of amino acids
60
dehydration synthesis
the process of building dimers and polymers by REMOVING water
61
hydrolysis
the process of breaking dimers and polymers by ADDING in water
62
63
enzymes
proteins that are folded into complex shapes that allow smaller molecules to fit into them.
64
enzymes lower_____
activation energy
65
activation energy
the minimum energy required to trigger a chemical reaction
66
ecology
the interaction between living and nonliving things in the environment
67
organism
smallest unit of structure
68
population
a group of a single species in an ecosystem
69
community
all of the population in an area
70
ecosystem
a community AND all the non living things that affect it
71
biosphere
all places on earth where life exists
72
biodiversity
all the different things in an ecosystem
73
high biodiversity = __
more stable ecosystem
74
producers/autotrophs
can make their own food with photosynthesis
75
consumers/heterotrophs
must eat other organisms for energy
76
biotechnology
using living cells or their components for human benefit
77
genetic engineering
direct human modification of an organism by manipulating its DNA
78
gene
a segment of DNA that contains instructions for building proteins
79
proteins give organisms their ____
traits
80
recombinant DNA technology
the process of combining genes from different organisms into a single DNA molecule
81
bacteria is used to produce protein because... (3 reasons)
1. it reproduces quickly 2. easy and cheap to grow 3. easy to manipulate their DNA
82
restriction enzymes
enzymes that cut DNA out of specific sequences
83
enzymes create ____ which are regions of broken hydrogen bonds
sticky ends
84
plasmids
small circular pieces of DNA found in bacteria
85
PCR
a technique used to make many copies of DNA
86
gel electrophoresis
a technique used to separate and compare DNA based on size
87
when electricity is turned on in G.E, DNA moves to the ___ side. They are then ____ charged
positive, and negatively charged.
88
small fragments of DNA = ____ big fragments of DNA = ____
faster, slower
89
variation
offspring differ slightly, some are faster, stronger, etc.
90
mutations
changes in the gene sequence.
91
sexual reproduction
rearrangement of genes when sperm/egg cells get made
92
artificial selection
selective breeding of plants and animals with genetic traits that have human value.
93
artificial selection is controlled by ___, while natural selection is controlled by ____.
humans choose and the environment chooses.
94
DNA
large molecule made up of many repeating sub units
95
what is DNA?
DNA is a nucleotide that is made up of deoxyribose sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogenous bases
96
nitrogenous bases can be either
A,T,C, or G ( A and T work together and C and G work together)
97
chromosome
a structure of cells that organizes itself and carries DNA
98
chromatin
a looser form of a chromosome
99
humans have __ chromosomes and __ pairs
46, 23
100
histones
proteins that DNA wraps around
101
allele
a variant form of a gene (ex. eye color)
102
photosynthesis
making glucose from sun, co2, and water
103
cell respiration
releasing energy from glucose to make ATP
104
chloroplast
the organelle where photosynthesis takes place
105
mitochondria
the organelle where cellular respiration takes place.
106
chlorophyll
a green pigment in plants
107
ATP
energy currency of the cell
108
equation of photosynthesis
co2 + water + sun -> glucose + o2
109
equation of cellular respiration
glucose + o2 -> co2 + water + atp
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