stages of cell cycle + describe
interphase: nucleus not visible, normal phase
prophase: chromatin condenses, nucleus is visible
metaphase: chromosomes pushed to middle
anaphase: fibers pull apart chromosomes
telophase: create two nucleus
cytokenesis
splitting of cytoplasm
which divides faster: prokaryotes or eukaryotes
prokaryotes, they have no organelles to replicate
factors that limit cell size
surface area to volume ratio: large cells don’t have enough surface area to feed all the volume
interphase, mitosis, cytokenesis
interphase: Gap 1, synthesis, Gap 2
mitosis: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
cytokenisis: cell wall pinches in
chromosomes in mitosis
turn from chromatin (spaghetti) into organized chromosomes. duplicated and then split to two different cells
internal and external factors that affect cell division
external: growth factors (chemicals), space (creates divison)
internal: DNA damage, kinases and cyclins
why is cancer harmful
don’t perform normal function, pressure on surrounding cells, consume nutrients needed for other cells
causes of cancer
damage to genes, inherited mutations, carcinogens
treatments for cancer
radiation, chemotherapy, surgical removal, other therapy
binary fission vs. mitosis
binary fission: prokaryotes (single cell), without diversity they cannot survive
mitosis: eukaryotic cells, can adapt
3 types of stem cells
totipotent: become anything
pluripotent: almost anything
multipotent: can become anything in a certain group
stem cells definition
undifferentiated cells that continue to divide, can become anything or more stem cells
pros and cons of IVF stem cells research ESSAY
pros: potential cures, can be used indefinitely, can become any type of cells, adult stem cells can be turned back to pluripotent
cons: ethical debate of taking an embryos life, could not be a match to the receiver,
