Bird 4

Question 1

when should we perform blood collection on bird in exam and why?

Answer 1

Perform as soon as possible
o Limit stress leukogram
o Limit elevation in some enzymes
o Limit elevation in blood glucose and lactates

Question 2

what can we do to make blood collection easier? How?

Answer 2

Sedation makes it easier
o Midazolam/butorphanol 2/2
mg/kg intranasal
o Reversed with flumazenil 0.05 mg/kg intranasal

> dosages can be species specific

Question 3

venipuncture sites for avian blood collection

Answer 3

o Right jugular vein (much bigger than left) o (Left jugular vein)
o Ulnar vein
o Medial metatarsal vein

Question 4

best blood collection site for parrots and small birds of prey, and how many people required

Answer 4

o Right jugular vein preferred
o One person job

Question 5

best blood collection site for medium to large birds of prey, and how many people required

Answer 5

o Any site
o Two-person job

Question 6

best blood collection site for anseriformes and galliformes

Answer 6

o Medial metatarsal vein easiest

Question 7

where not to take blood from for strigiformes? why?

Answer 7

Strigiformes
o Not medial metatarsal (feathered)

Question 8

where not to take blood from for columbiformes? why?

Answer 8

o Not jugular (no apterium in these species + cervical plexus)

Question 9

max volume for bird blood collection? what should we be careful of?

Answer 9

o 1% of body weight
o Caution in tiny birds, account for hematoma formation, prior and future blood loss (surgery)

Question 10

required volume for bloodwork, for CBC, biochem, and vetscan

Answer 10

o CBC: 0.2-0.4 mL
o Biochemistry: 0.2mL plasma (0.4-0.5 blood)
>Don’t use serum, you’ll lose volume
o Vetscan: 0.1mL whole blood - But decreased panel

Question 11

materials for blood collection in bird

Answer 11

o Smallest needle possible for the volume
harvested
o Needle size: 22-28G
o Syringe size: Insulin – 3cc syringe

Question 12

technique for blood collection in bird

Answer 12

o Small amount of alcohol
o Stay parallel to the vein, bend the needle, keep the head extended
o Stabilize needle on your thumb or index finger
o Suction steadily with medium speed
- Too slow > clotting
- Too quick > vessel collapse
o Hold for clotting
- Longer pressure for ulnar and medial metatarsal vein
- Bandage
o Remove needle prior to tube transfer

Question 13

blood collection tubes to use for CBC, bichem

Answer 13

o CBC > EDTA
o Biochemistry > Heparin
- Spin and separate plasma prior to submission

Question 14

Do not pre-heparinize syringes in what scenarios for bird blood collection

Answer 14

Do not pre-heparinize syringes in small birds or for blood culture

Question 15

supportive care for birds, main principles

Answer 15

• Fluid therapy
• Oxygen therapy
• Thermal support
• Nutritional support
• Initial treatment
  o Frequently broad-spectrum antibiotics
  o Analgesics

Question 16

most sick birds require some form of what type of therapy

Answer 16

• Most sick birds require some forms of fluid therapy

Question 17

why is fluid therapy more challenging in birds

Answer 17

o Small size
- Harder to place catheters
- Tiny volume of IV drugs
- Limitations of infusion equipment
o Readily damage IV materials and bandages
o Monitoring is complicated

Question 18

important osmoregulation considerations in birds for fluid therapy

Answer 18

o Uricotelic
o Post-renal handling of urine
o Salt glands

Question 19

daily water requirements for birds

Answer 19

o Poorly investigated in pet birds
o 50-100 mg/kg/day
o Higher in neonates

Question 20

rotues of administration for fluid therapy in birds

Answer 20

PO
SC
IV
IO

Question 21

PO fluids: sites, pros cons, fluid type

Answer 21

sites: Crop, Proventriculus
pros: Least invasive
cons: GI disease, Neuro disease, Debilitated bird
Fluid type: hypotonic

Question 22

SC fluids: sites, pros cons, fluid type

Answer 22

sites: Inguinal web,
Interscapular, Axillary area
pros: Non invasive, well tolerated
cons: Mild dehydration, Limited volume
Fluid type: Isotonic, Hypotonic

Question 23

IV fluids: sites, pros cons, fluid type

Answer 23

sites: Ulnar vein, Medial metatarsal, Jugular vein
pros: IV access for drugs, Rapid dissemination, More precise dosing
cons: Low tolerance, Bleeding if damage
fluid type: Isotonic, Hypotonic ,Hypertonic, Colloid, Blood

Question 24

IO fluids: sites, pros cons, fluid type

Answer 24

sites: Ulna, Tibiotarsus
pros: No bleeding,
Ideal when veins are small
IV access for drugs Rapid dissemination More precise dosing
cons: Low tolerance, Painful
Potential for osteomyelitis Fluid extravasation

fluid types: Isotonic Hypotonic (Hypertonic) (Colloid) Blood

Question 25

colume of SC fluids per site

Answer 25

o About 10 ml/kg/site

Question 26

* IVcatheterplacement

Answer 26

Ulnar vein Medial metatarsal vein

Question 27

* IO catheter placement; type of needle, anesthesia needed?

Answer 27

o 22g 1.5” spinal needles o 26-25g hypodermic needles o Anesthesia not needed o Local analgesia debatable

Question 28

how to check IO catheter placement

Answer 28

Can check placement by tracking a bolus in the ulnar vein

Question 29

where to never place IO catheter

Answer 29

CAREFUL: NOT in pneumatic bones (humerus, femur)

Question 30

first step of fluid therapy plan

Answer 30

o Assess hydration status and signs of hypovolemia (see Lecture 3)

Question 31

3 stages of fluid therapy

Answer 31

o Resuscitation o Rehydration o Maintenance

Question 32

what do we use for resuscitation phase in bird fluid therapy

Answer 32

- Plasmalyte A: 10-15 mL bolus - Hypertonic NaCl 7.5%: 3 mL bolus - Colloids: 5-10 mL bolus - Vasopressors (dopamine, norepinephrine)

Question 33

rehydration considerations fro bird fluid therapy

Answer 33

- 50-100% estimated loss over 24h - Maintenance requirements and anticipated loss - Select fluid type based on blood gases/electrolytes and disease condition

Question 34

mainteneace route for bird fluid therapy, generally

Answer 34

- Typically switch to subcutaneous

Question 35

PCV volume indicated for bird blood transfusion

Answer 35

* PCV<20%

Question 36

How and when to perform bird blood transfusion? volume, type of blood, rate?

Answer 36

* Volume o 1% BW of donor bird o Use multiple birds * Only use homologous blood o Half-life: 1 week o Use a neonatal filter * Rate o Over 1-4h

Question 37

why do oxygen therapy for birds?

Answer 37

o High basal oxygen requirements o Beneficial in any respiratory disease - Higher capacity to absorb oxygen in birds o Pre-oxygenation prior to restraint

Question 37

types of oxygen therapy for birds?

Answer 37

o Flow-by: FiO2 25-45% o Facemaks: FiO2 35-60% o Oxygen cages: FiO2 40-60%

Question 38

why offer thermal support therapy for birds

Answer 38

o High avian body temperature (38-39OC) o Reverse hypothermia o Parrots are tropical species!!! o Decrease energy requirements in fast metabolism species - Temperature regulation > major energy expenditure - Less nutritional support, help control weight loss

Question 39

what is the Thermal neutrality zone for birds and how do we acheive this? when should we be cautious?

Answer 39

o Thermal balance > no energy expenditure for thermogenesis, just basal metabolism o **Typically: 30-35oC** o Incubators or heat bulbs o Cautious with arctic species (snowy owls, gyrfalcons)

Question 40

indications for nutritional support in birds

Answer 40

o Anorexia/dysorexia o Emaciation o Increased metabolic cost of illness o Diseases of beak, head, crop o Nutritional deficiencies o As a vehicle for oral drugs

Question 41

contra-indications for nutritional support in birds?

Answer 41

Contra-indications > Risk of regurgitation / aspiration o Seizures, neurological diseases o Sedation

Question 42

how do energy demands change with illness?

Answer 42

Increased energy associated with various illnesses

Question 43

MER calculation for birds

Answer 43

MEr (kCal) = 2*BMR = 2*K*Wkg^0.75 K=78 for most birds and 128 for passerines

Question 44

Daily energy requirement for strarvation vs sepsis?

Answer 44

o Starvation: 0.7*MER o Sepsis: 1.5*MER

Question 45

Use of handfeeding or critical care powdered formula for birds; energy density?

Answer 45

o Roughly equivalent at **1 kcal/mL**

Question 46

tradeoff of feeding for nutritional support? how do we deal with this, ie. what is our feeding strategy

Answer 46

Trade-off between meeting requirements and repeated gavage-feeding and handling o Divide into **30 mL/kg feeding** (estimated crop volume) o Typically **start with twice a day** in moderately sick birds and go from there o Very difficult to meet requirements of small birds

Question 47

what is crop feeding?how do we do it?

Answer 47

o Nutritional support or PO drug administration o Usually one-person job o Esophagus then to the right (crop) o Check placement o Always the last treatment you administer o Be ready to put the bird back o If regurgitation, put it back immediately

Question 48

methods of nutritional support for raptors

Answer 48

o Tube-feedingto proventriculus (bypass crop or no crop) o Hand-feeding/gavage pieces of food

Question 49

indications for esophagostomy tube in birds for nutritional support

Answer 49

o Indications - Maxillofacial trauma - Diseases of esophagus and crop - Frequent regurgitation when handling - Long duration of nutritional support - Decreased frequency of handling (hooded raptors)

Question 50

methods of oral drug admin for different bird species

Answer 50

o Liquid to parrots and small birds o Can do pills in raptors, chickens, ducks, pigeons

Question 51

should we use water drug admin for birds? when and why?

Answer 51

o Not a great idea o Can not control the dose o Depends on drinking o Degrades over time o Used in passerines (drink a lot) and for chlamydiosis in colonies of cockatiels (doxycycline) o Does not work in budgerigars (do not drink much)

Question 52

when do we use in feed drug admin for pet birds?

Answer 52

o Avian chlamydiosis in budgerigars (Doxycycline)

Question 53

how do we perform intramuscular drug admin for birds? what is an issue we should be aware of?

Answer 53

o In the pectoral muscle (alternate side) o Use smallest needle possible o Can cause local muscle necrosis Especially enrofloxacin, should not be given IM

Question 54

subcutaneous drug admin considerations for birds?

Answer 54

o May add some drugs to subcutaneous fluids o Do not inject undiluted enrofloxacin (skin necrosis)