Bird 8

Question 1

macnification tool for avian microsurgery? when are they particulalry useful?

Answer 1

Head loupes (2.5-3x)
- Trade-off between magnification and field of view
- Requires practice

o Always indicated, but particularly for coelomic surgeries

Question 2

characteristics of miniaturized instruments for birds

Answer 2

o Standard length, but miniaturized tip
o Counter-balanced
o Rounded handles
o Arms, hands rest on table

Question 3

advantage of radiosurgery

Answer 3

Finer, less collateral damage than
electrosurgery
o Cut and coag modes
o Monopolar or bipolar

Question 4

reccomended suture for birds?
-type
- size
- needle
- why is it best?

Answer 4

PDS(polydioxanone)recommended
- Monofilament
- Absorbable, but long
- Least reactive
- Not a lot of memory (easy to suture with)

o Size 5-0 (0.1 mm), 6-0 (0.07 mm)
o Taper needle (does not cut) for most applications

Question 5

how to get feathers out of the way for surgery?

Answer 5

Plucking
o Just the right amount
o Keep other feathers away with tape
o Plucking is painful
o DO NOT pluck flight feathers

Question 6

never pluck what feathers for patient prep

Answer 6

DO NOT pluck flight feathers

Question 7

wound care has same principles as dogs and cats except

Answer 7

o Most parrots can remove bandages
o Wounds are not exudative
o Wounds are dry and need to be kept moistened

Question 8

• Steps in wound care

Answer 8

o Debridement
o Flush
o Primary intention closure (fresh wound, not contaminated)
o Secondary intention closure
- Honey
- Silver sulfadiazine
- Silvasorb gel
- Non-adherent bandages, light bandages

Question 9

methods of dealing with large wound care

Answer 9

Advancement flaps
o Top of skull
o Inguinal web
o Axillary skin

Tension sutures

Question 10

how do we perform leg band removal? dangers?

Answer 10

Mainly small birds
-Go slow and make sure the band does not rotate while cutting
o Can fracture the leg
o May hold other side with plier

Question 11

4 common reasons for crop surgery

Answer 11

• Ingluviotomy
  o Foreign body retrieval
• Esophageal tube placement
• Crop biopsy
  o Upper GI disease
  o Diagnosis of PDD
• Crop repair
  o Crop burn surgery in baby birds
  o Crop laceration

Question 12

purpose of esophogeal tube in birds? applications

Answer 12

o Pharyngostomy tube
- Birds cannot grab it
o Facilitates frequent feedings
o Upper GI and facial diseases

Question 13

considerations for crop burn surgery: delay until when? always close how?

Answer 13

o Delay surgery until necrotic margins are known (mature fistula)
o Always close the crop separately from the skin

Question 14

why do perform cloacoplasty? how to suture? drawbacks?

Answer 14

• Persistent cloacal prolapse
  o Transverse sutures (not purse-string)
  o Contra indicated in regular egg layers
  o Irreversible

Question 15

where to place tube for air sac placement

Answer 15

abdonimal air sac

Question 16

Coeliotomy: different approaches and when they should be used

Answer 16

• Midline
  o Distal oviduct, egg
  o Ventriculus, intestines, cloaca
  o General approach for masses
• Lateral approaches
  o Surgery in the air sac system
  o Ovary, upper reproductive tract
  o Proventriculus
  o Air sacs

Question 17

Salpingohysterectomy: why may we do this? do we take the ovary out?

Answer 17

o Oviductal prolapse/torsion
o Oviductal impaction
o NO ovariectomy in birds!

> if you remove the ovidect, there is no feedback to the ovary and the bird will not lay

Question 18

how do we perform an ovocentesis?

Answer 18

Per-cloacally (not through skin)
o Put a forceps into the oviduct and try to open it and visualize the egg
o Then, drill a hole in the egg with a needle
o Aspirate the egg content or enlarge the hole with a hemostat
o Collapse the egg at the same time (negative pressure will help)
o Remove shell piece by piece

Question 19

Sinusotomy: when is it used?

Answer 19

Mainly in poultry with granulomatous sinusitis

Question 20

type of birds that commonly geet bumblefoot? how do we treat?

Answer 20

• Falcons and chickens usually
• Only if foot grossly swollen
• Debridement
• Culture
• Freshen skin edges
• Close with tension sutures
  (horizontal mattress)
• Bandages for at least 1 month

Question 21

how to remove bird eye

Answer 21

ocular evisceration in birds (vs enucleation)

Question 22

issues with orthopedic surgery in birds, and positive differences

Answer 22

• Main differences
  o Flight is more demanding than walking (wing bone
  repair needs to be near perfect)
  o Bones are more brittle
  o Some bones are pneumatized
  o Birds are small so not all equipment can be used
  o Birds are more resistant to osteomyelitis
  o Only very light constructs should be used
  o Healing is fast (4-6 weeks)
  o Mainly endosteal callus, also subtle healing on radiographs

Question 23

specific equipment for orthopedics in birds

Answer 23

• Small pins
  o Positive threaded small pins
  o Spinal needles
• Connecting ESF bars
  o PMMA
  (polymethylmethacrylate)
  o FESSA system

Question 24

pros and cons of IM pin for bird orthopedics

Answer 24

o Does not counteract rotation
o Enough for transverse factures in small birds
o Easy and fast to do

Question 25

ESF (external skeletal fixator) pros and cons for birds

Answer 25

o Does not counteract bending very well o Can be performed without opening skin o Difficult to reduce fracture o Does not interfere with fracture site (infection) o Useful also when IM pins are not possible

Question 26

* IM-ESF tie-in applications for bird orthopedics (pros)

Answer 26

oMore rigid than IM and ESF together oCounteract all forces oEasy to apply and cheap

Question 27

bone that cannot be repaired in birds

Answer 27

coracoid

Question 28

special equipment needed for avian microsurgery

Answer 28

* Microsurgery requires specialized equipment >Magnification, instruments, radio-surgery and retractor

Question 29

what type of placement should we use if a tracheal obstruction?

Answer 29

Think air sac tube placement if tracheal obstruction Similar as left lateral endoscopy approach

Question 30

difference in speed on bird bone healing vs mammal

Answer 30

* Bone healing is fast in birds

Question 31

issue with assessing bone healing for birds

Answer 31

* Bone callous are difficult to see on radiographs (endosteous)