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Question 1

London
4

Answer 1

London English (Cockney)
1. T-glottalling
Intervocalic /t/ → [ʔ] alveolar plosive → glottal stop

2. TH fronting
   /θ, ð/ → [f, v]
3. L-vocalisation
   non-prevocalic /l/ → [ʊ]
   alveolar lateral → close-mid back vowel
4. H-dropping
   /h/ dropped in lexical words

Question 2

Northeren
2

Answer 2

4. /l/ is typically dark (velarised) in all positions
5. Final -ng is pronounced [ŋɡ]
   e.g. sing, tongue, nothing

Question 3

Scottish English
2

Answer 3

Scottish English
1. Rhotic (/r/: approximant, tap or trill)
2. /l/ is dark (velarised) in all contexts

Question 4

Irish English
4

Answer 4

1. Rhotic
2. /l/ is typically clear in all contexts
3. T-opening (t-frication)
   incomplete closure of /t/ finally and intervocalically
4. TH-stopping
   /θ/, /ð/ → dental or alveolar plosives [t], [d]

Question 5

The South
1

Answer 5

1. Variably rhotic (traditionally non-rhotic

Question 6

New York City

Answer 6

1. Variably rhotic. Broad/lower class NYC English is typically non-rhotic.

Question 7

African American Vernacular English (AAVE)
3

Answer 7

2. TH fronting or stopping
   /θ, ð/ → /f, v/ or /t, d/
   brother /brəvə/, nothing /nətn/, with them /wɪdəm/
3. Vocalisation of non-prevocalic /l/
   /l/ → [ə] mid central vowel feel [fiːə]
4. Consonant cluster reduction (deletion of one or more consonants)

Question 8

Australia
2

Answer 8

2. /l/ is dark (velarised) in all contexts
3. Intervocalic /t/ is realised as a voiced tap

Question 9

South Africa 2

Answer 9

1. Non-rhotic
   /r/ can be approximant, tap or trill
2. /p, t, k/ are typically unaspirated (no puff of air accompanying the release)

Question 10

THE CARIBBEAN
5

Answer 10

1. Variably rhotic
2. /l/ is clear in all contexts
3. TH-stopping: plosives /t, d/ instead of dental fricatives /θ, ð/
4. H-dropping
5. Consonant cluster reduction (deletion of one or more consonants)