Anatomy/ Physiology > Blood > Flashcards

Blood Flashcards

(49 cards)

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1
Q

Types of Blood Cells: Shape

A
  • E: Biconcave Disc
  • L: Irregular
  • T: Fragmented
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2
Q

Types of Blood Cells: Produced Where?

A
  • E: Bone Marrow
  • L: Lymph nodes and Spleen
  • T: Bone Marrow
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3
Q

Types of Blood Cells: Hormones

A
  • E: Erythropoietin
  • L: Thymosin, Interluekin, CSF
  • T: Thrombopoietin
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4
Q

Types of Blood Cells: Nucleated?

A
  • E: None
  • L: nucleated
  • T: none
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5
Q

Types of Blood Cells: Amount

A
  • E: 4-6 million mm^3
  • L: 4,800-10,000 mm^3
  • T: 150,000-400,000 mm^3
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6
Q

Types of Blood Cells: Function

A
  • E: Transport blood and gas
  • L: Protect Immune system
  • T: Blood Clotting
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7
Q

Types of Blood Cells: Appearance

A
  • E: Salmon colored
  • L: Granular/ Non-granular, clear
  • T: blue
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8
Q

Types of Blood Cells: Proteins

A
  • E: Hemoglobin
  • L: Antibodies
  • T: Fibrogen
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9
Q

Types of Blood Cells: Vitamins

A
  • E: B6, b9, b12
  • L: C, E, A
  • T: K, B9, B12
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10
Q

Types of Blood Cells: Minerals

A
  • E: iron/copper
  • L: magnesium
  • T: calcium
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11
Q

Types of Blood Cells: Conditions (more/less)

A
  • E: Polycythemia, anemia
  • L: Leukemia, leukopenia
  • T: Thrombocytosis, Hemophilia
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12
Q

Types of Blood Cells: Life Span

A
  • E: 120 days
  • L: 4-30 days
  • T: 5-10 days
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13
Q

Types of Blood Cells

A
  • Erythrocytes
    • Red Blood Cells
  • Leukocytes
    • White Blood Cells
  • Thrombocytes
    • platelets
  • Cell fragments
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14
Q

Types of Blood Cells: Size

A
  • E: 6 mm^3
  • L: 12-15 mm^3
  • T: 2-5 mm^3
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15
Q

Erythrocytes

A
  • Main function is to carry oxygen
    • Anatomy of circulating erythrocytes
      • Biconcave dicks
      • Essentially bags of hemoglobin
      • Anucleate (No nucleus)
      • Contain very few organelles
    • 5 million RBCs per cubic millimeter of blood
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16
Q

Hemoglobin

A
  • Iron-containing protein
    • Binds strongly, but reversible, to oxygen (can release and attract oxygen)
    • Each hemoglobin molecule has four oxygen binding sites
    • Each erythrocyte has 250 million hemoglobin molecules
    • Normal blood contains 12-18 g of hemoglobin per 100 mL blood
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17
Q

Leukocytes

A
  • Crucial in the body’s defense against disease
    • These are complete cells, with a nucleus and organelles
    • Able to move into and out of blood vessels (diapedesis)
    • Can move by ameboid motion
    • Can respond to chemicals released by damaged tissues
    • 4,000 to 11,000 WBC per cubic millimeter of blood
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18
Q

Leukocytosis

A
  • WBC count about 11,000 leukocytes/ mm^3

- Generally indicates an infection

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19
Q

Leukopenia

A
  • Abnormally low leukocyte level

- Commonly caused by certain drugs such as corticosteroids and anticancer agents

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20
Q

Leukemia

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A

-Bone marrow becomes cancerous, turns out excess WBC

21
Q

Granulocytes (Types of Leukocytes)

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A
  • Granules in their cytoplasm can be stained
  • Possess lobed nuclei
  • Include neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils
22
Q

Agranulocytes

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A
  • Lack of visible cytoplasmic granules
  • Nuclei are spherical, oval, kidney-shaped
  • Include lymphocytes and monocytes
23
Q

List of White Blood Cells from Most to Least Abundant

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A
  • Neutrophils
    • Lymphocytes
    • Monocytes
    • Eosinophils
    • Basophils
24
Q

Erythroblastosis Fetalis

25
Types of Leukocytes
- Granulocytes | - Agranulocytes
26
Types of Granulocytes
- Neutrophils - Eosinophils - Basophils
27
Neutrophils
- Multi lobed nucleus with fine granules | - Act as phagocytes at active sits of infection
28
Eosinophils
- Large brick red cytoplasmic granules | - Found in response to allergies and parasitic worms
29
Basophils
- Phil= protein - Have histamine containing granules - Initiate inflammation
30
Types of Agranulocytes
- Lymphocytes | - Monocytes
31
Lymphocytes
- Nucleus fills most of the cell | - Play an important role in the immune response
32
Monocytes
- Largest of the white blood cells - Function as macrophages - Important in fighting chronic infection
33
Platelets (Thrombocytes)
- Derived from ruptured multinucleate cells (megakaryocytes) - Megakaryocytes create thrombocytes - Needed for the clotting process - Normal platelet could - 300,000/mm3
34
Blood
- The only fluid tissue in the human body - Classified as a connective tissue - Components: - Living cells - formed elements - Non-living matrix - plasma
35
Physical Characteristics of Blood
- Color range: - Oxygen-rich blood is scarlet red - Oxygen-poor blood is dull red - pH must remain between 7.35-7.45 - Blood temperature is slightly higher than body temperature at 100.4 F - In a healthy man, blood volume is about 5-6 liters or about 6 quarts - Blood makes up 8% of body weight
36
Blood when Centrifuged
- Erythrocytes sink to the bottom (45% of blood, percentage known as the hemocrit) - Buffy coat contains Leukocytes and platelets (less than 1% of blood) - Buffy coat is thin, whitish layer between erythrocytes and plasma - Plasma rises to the top (55% percent
37
Blood Plasma
- Composed of approximately 90% water - Includes many dissolved substances - Nutrients (carbs, lipids, proteins) - Salts (electrolytes) - Respiratory gases - Hormones - Plasma proteins - Waste products
38
Plasma Proteins
- Most abundant solutes in plasma - Most plasma proteins are made by the liver - Various Plasma proteins include: - Albumin: Regulates osmotic pressure - Clotting proteins: help to stem blood loss when a blood vessel is injured - Antibodies: help protect the body from pathogens
39
Acidosis
-Blood becomes too acidic
40
Alkalosis
-Blood becomes too basic
41
What happens during Acidosis and Alkalosis?
In each scenario, the respiratory system and kidneys help restore pH to normal
42
Hematopoiesis
- Blood cell formation - Occurs in red bone marrow - All blood cells are derived from a common stem cell (hemocytoblast)
43
Hemocytoblast Differentiation
- Lymphoid stem cell produces lymphocytes | - Myeloid stem cell produces all other formed elements
44
Formation of Erythrocytes
- Unable to divide, grow, or synthesize proteins - Wear out in 100-120 days - When worn out , RBCs are eliminated by phagocytes in the spleen or liver - Lost cells are replaced by division of hemocytoblasts
45
Control of Erythrocytes
- Rate is controlled by a hormone (erythropoietin) - Kidneys produce most erythropoietin as a response to reduced oxygen levels in the blood - Homeostasis is maintained by negative feedback from blood oxygen levels
46
Formation of WBCs and Platelets
- Controlled by hormones - Colony stimulating factors (CSFs) and interleukins prompt bone marrow to generate Leukocytes - Thrombopoietin stimulates production of platelets
47
Hemostasis
- Stoppage of bleeding resulting from a break in a blood vessel - Hemostasis involves 3 phases - Vascular spasms (Parasympathetic nervous system) - Platelet plug formation - Coagulation (blood clotting)
48
Vascular Spasms
- Vasoconstriction causes blood vessel to spasm (parasympathetic nervous system) - Spasms narrow the blood vessel, decreasing blood loss
49
Coagulation
- Injured tissues released tissue factor (TF) - PF(underscore 3) (a phospholippid) interacts with TF, blood protein clotting factors, and calcium ions to trigger a clotting cascade - Prothrombin activator converts prothrombin to thrombin
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