Anatomy/ Physiology > Bones > Flashcards

Bones Flashcards

(41 cards)

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1
Q

Sub-divisions of the Skeleton

A
  • Axial Skeleton (Skull, Vertebrae, Rib Cage)

- Appendicular Skeleton (Everything that comes off of the Axis)

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2
Q

Functions of Bones

A
  • Support the body
    • Protect soft organs
    • Allow movement due to attached skeletal muscles
    • Store minerals and fats
    • Blood cell formation-Hemopoiesis (B12 is a vitamin)
    • Found in bone: Calcium and Phosphorus
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3
Q

Bones of the Human Body

A
  • Adult has 206 bones
    • Two basic types of bone tissue
      1. Compact bone
        • Homogeneous
      2. Spongy Bone (cancellous)
        • Small needle-like pieces of bone (trabecule)
        • Many open spaces
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4
Q

Classifications of Bone

A
  • Long bone
    • Short bone
    • Flat bone
    • Irregular bone
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5
Q

Long Bones

A

-Typically longer than they are wide
-Have a shaft w/ heads on both ends
-Contains mostly compact bone
Ex: Femur, Humerus

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6
Q

Short Bone

A
  • Generally cube-shape
  • Contain mostly spongy bone
  • Ex: Carpals, Tarsals
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7
Q

Flat Bones

A

-Thinned, flattened, and usually curved
-Two thin layers of compact bone surround a layer of spongy bone
Ex: Skull, ribs, sternum

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8
Q

Irregular Bones

A
  • Irregular shape
  • Do not fit into other bone classification categories
  • Ex: Vertebrae, Hip bones
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9
Q

Diaphysis (Anatomy of Long Bone)

A
  • Shaft

- Composed of compact bone (support and protection)

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10
Q

Epiphysis (Anatomy of Long Bone)

A
  • Ends of the bone

- Composed mostly of spongy bone (helps produce blood)

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11
Q

Periosteum

A
  • Outside coving of the diaphysis

- Fibrous connective tissue membrane

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12
Q

Sharpey’s Fibers (Anatomy of Long Bone)

A

-Secure periosteum to underlying bone

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13
Q

Arteries (Anatomy of a Long Bone)

A

-Supply bone cells with nutrients

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14
Q

Articular Cartilage (Anatomy of a Long Bone)

A
  • Covers the external surface of the epiphyses
    • Made of hyaline cartilage (tough, smooth, shiny)
    • Decreases friction at joint surfaces
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15
Q

Epiphyseal Plate (Anatomy of Long Bone)

A

-Flat plate of hyaline cartilage seen in young, growing bone

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16
Q

Epiphyseal Line (Anatomy of Lone Bone)

A
  • Remnant of the epiphyseal plate

- Seen in adult bone

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17
Q

Medullary Cavity

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A
  • Prevents it from being too compact & brittle
    • Support and Storage
    • Cavity inside the shaft
    • Contains yellow marrow (mostly fat) in adults
    • Contains red marrow (for blood cell formation) in infants
18
Q

Endosteum (Anatomy of Long Bone)

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A

-Lining of the Medullary Cavity

19
Q

Surface Features of Bone

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A
  • Sites of attachments for muscles, tendons, and ligaments

- Passages for nerves and blood vessels

20
Q

Categories of Bone Markings

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A
  • Projections or processes– grow out from the bone surface

- Depressions or cavities—- indentations

21
Q

Osteon (Haversian System)

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A
  • Microscopic Anatomy of Bone

- A unit of bone containing central canal and matrix rings

22
Q

Central (Haversian) Canal

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A
  • Microscopic Anatomy of Bone
  • Opening in the center of osteon
  • Carries blood vessels and nerves
23
Q

Perforating (Volkman’s) Canal

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A
  • Microscopic Anatomy of Bone
  • Canal perpendicular to the central canal
  • Carries blood vessels and nerves
24
Q

Lacunae

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A
  • Microscopic anatomy of Bone
  • Cavities containing bone cells (osteocytes)
    • Arranged in concentric rings
25
Lamellae
- Microscopic Anatomy of Bone - Rings around the central canal - Sites of lacunae
26
Canaliculi
- Microscopic Anatomy of Bone - Tiny canals - Radiate from the central canal to lacunae - Form a transport system connecting all bone cells to a nutrient supply
27
Formation of Human Skeleton
- In embryos, the skeleton is primarily hyaline cartilage - During development, much of this cartilage is replaced by bone - Cartilage remains in isolated areas - Bridge of the nose - Parts of ribs - Joints Zygote--> Blastola ---> Embryo--> Fetus
28
Bone Growth (Ossification)
- Epiphyseal plates allow for lengthwise growth of long bones during childhood - New cartilage is continuously formed - Older cartilage becomes ossified - Cartilage is broken down - Enclosed cartilage is digested away, opening up a medullary cavity - Bone replaces cartilage through the action of osteoblasts
29
Bones and Growth
- Remodeled and lengthened until growth stops - Bones are remodeled in response to two factors - Blood calcium levels - Pull of gravity and muscles on the skeleton - Bones grow in width (called appositional growth)
30
Endochondral Ossification vs Intramembranosus Ossification
EO: Replacing cartilage to make bone longer IO: Filling in a membrane, wider but kept flat (ex top of babies head)
31
Type of Bone Cells
- Osteocytes- Mature bone cells - Osteoblasts- Bone forming cells - Osteoclasts- Bone destroying cells - Break down bone matrix for remodeling and release of calcium in response to parathyroid hormone - Bone remodeling is preformed by both osteoblasts and osteoclasts
32
Joints
- Articulations of bones - Functions of joints - Hold bones together - Allow for mobility - Ways joints are classified - Functionally - Structurally
33
Functional Classifications of Joints
- Synarthroses - Immovable - Amphiarthroses - Slightly movable joints - Diathroses - Freely movable joints
34
Structural Classifications of Joints
``` Fibrous joints -Generally immovable Cartilaginous joints -Immovable or slightly movable Synovial joints -Freely moveable ```
35
Fibrous Joints
-Bones united by fibrous tissue Example: -Sutures - cranium and face bones except mandible -Syndesmoses -Allows more movement than sutures -Example: distal end of tibia and fibula
36
Cartilaginous Joints
- Bones connected by cartilage - Example: - Pubic symphysis - Intervertebral joints
37
Synovial Joints
- Articulating bones are separated by a joint cavity | - Synovial fluid is found in the joint cavity - lubrication, shock absorber, transportation, regulate temperature
38
Features of Synovial Joints
- Articular cartilage (hyaline cartilage) covers the ends of bones - A fibrous articular capsule encloses joint surfaces - A joint cavity is filled with synovial fluid - Ligaments reinforce the joint
39
Structures associated with Synovial Joints
- Bursae - flattened fibrous sacs - Lined with synovial membranes - Filled with synovial fluid - Not actually part of the joint - Tendon sheath - Elongated bursa that wraps about a tendon
40
Inflammatory Conditions Associated with Joints
-Bursitis - inflammation of a bursa usually caused by a blow or friction -Tendonitis - inflammation of tendon sheaths -Arthritis - inflammatory or degenerative diseases of joints Over 100 different types -The most widespread crippling disease in the United States
41
Parts of the Skeletal System
- Bones (skeleton) - Joints - Cartilages - Ligaments (Bone to Bone Joint)
Anatomy/ Physiology
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