1
Q
blood
A
- fluid connective tissues
- regenerated continuously
- losing too much can be fatal
- transportation of gases, nutrients, and hormones
- ever changing composition
2
Q
functions of blood
A
- transportation: O2, CO2, metabolic waste, nutrients, and hormones
- regulation of body temperature: vasodilation of surface vessels dump heat
- protection from disease and infection: contains cells of the immune defence system
3
Q
physical characteristics of blood
A
- 4-5x thicker (more viscous) than water
- slightly sticky
- temp of 37-38 degrees Celsius
- pH 7.4, slightly alkaline
- ~8% of total body weight
- blood volume approx 5L in adults to maintain blood pressure
4
Q
colour of blood
A
- depends of oxygenation status
- oxygen rich= bright red
- oxygen poor= dark red
- appears blue in veins due to how light in reflected back into eyes
5
Q
components of blood
A
- plasma and cells
- 55% plasma
- 45% cells: 99% RBC, <1% WBC and platelets
6
Q
blood plasma proteins
A
- 7% plasma proteins: created in liver, confined to bloodstream
1) albumins
2) globulins
3) fibrinogen
7
Q
albumins
A
- smallest and most abundant
- 58% of total proteins
- exerts great colloid osmotic pressure to help maintain blood volume and pressure
- act as transport proteins
- carry ions, hormones, and some lipids
8
Q
globulins
A
- second largest group
- 37% of total proteins
- smaller alpha-globulins and larger beta-globulins transport some water insoluble molecules, hormones, metals, ions
- gamma-globulin (immunoglobulins antibodies) play a part in body defence
9
Q
fibrinogen
A
- 4% of total proteins
- contributes to blood clot formation
- soluble fibrinogen is biochemically converted to insoluble fibrin strands
- plasma with clotting proteins removed is called serum
10
Q
zymogen
A
- inactive precursor form of a chemical that has to become activates by another chemical
- tend to end in “-ogen”
11
Q
blood plasma
A
- over 90% water
- 7% plasma proteins
- 2% other substances
12
Q
blood plasma other substances
A
- electrolytes
- nutrients
- hormones
- vitamins
- gases
- waste products
13
Q
formed elements of blood
A
- red blood cells
- white blood cells: granular and granular leukocytes
- platelets: thrombocytes, special cell fragments
14
Q
erythrocytes normal count
A
- 5 million/mm3
- new RBCs enter circulation at 2 million/second from red bone marrow
15
Q
erythrocytes biconcave disk
A
- increased surface area/volume ratio
- flexible shape for narrow passages
- no nucleus or other organelles
- cannot be repaired
16
Q
erythrocytes life span
A
- last ~120 days
- wear out from bending to fit through capillaries
- cannot be repaired due to lack of organelles
- worn out cells removed by macrophages in spleen and liver
- breakdown products are recycled
17
Q
erythrolysis
A
- destruction of old, damaged, worn out blood cells
- happens in liver and spleen
18
Q
erythrocytes
A
- contain oxygen-carrying protein hemoglobin that gives blood red colour
- 1/3 of cells weight is hemoglobin
19
Q
hemoglobin
A
- globing protein consisting of 4 polypeptide chains
- one heme attached to each polypeptide chain
- each heme contains and iron ion that can combine reversibly with one oxygen molecule
- helps pick up oxygen and carbon dioxide waste
- Hb + oxygen= oxyhemoglobin
- Hb - oxygen= deoxyhemoglobin
20
Q
transport of O2 and CO2
A
- each hemoglobin molecule can carry 4 oxygen molecules from lungs to tissue cells
- hemoglobin transport 23% of total CO2 waste from tissue cells to lungs for release
- combines with amino acid in globing portion of Hb
- CO2 also travels dissolved in blood plasma
21
Q
erythrocyte destruction
A
- unable to synthesize proteins and cannot repair itself due to lack of nuclei and organelles
- max life span of 120 days
- old erythrocytes phagocytize in spleen or live rmacrophages
- globing protein, iron ion, heme group all need to be disposed of
22
Q
erythrocyte destruction: globing proteins and erythrocyte membrane proteins
A
- broken down into free amino acids
- used by body for protein synthesis
23
Q
erythrocyte destruction: iron component in hemoglobin
A
- transported by globulin protein transferrin
- transported to liver
- bound to storage proteins ferritin and hemosiderin
- ferritin is primary storage mechanism
- stored mainly in liver and spleen
- transported to red bone marrow as needed for erythrocyte production
24
Q
erythrocyte destruction: heme group
A
- converted within macrophages into green pigment biliverdin
- sententially converted into yellow pigment bilirubin
- then transported bu albumin to liver
- component of digestive secretion, bile
- produced by liver and released into small intestine
25
erythrocyte destruction: stercobilin and urobilin
- bilirubin converted to urobilinogen in small intestine
- may continue through large intestine
- converted by intestinal bacterio to stercobilin
- brown pigment expelled from body in feces
- may be absorbed back into blood
- converted to urobilin
- yellow pigment excreted by kidneys
26
A blood
- anti-B antibodies in plasma
- A antigen in RBC
- A and O compatible in emergency
- has agglutinogen A
27
B blood
- anti-A antibodies in plasma
- B antigen in RBC
- B and O compatible in emergency
- has agglutinogen B
28
AB blood
- no antibodies in plasma
- A and B antigens in RBC
- A, B, AB, and O compatible in emergency
- universal recipient
- has agglutinogens A and B
29
O blood
- anti-A and anti-B antibodies in plasma
- no antigens in RBC
- O compatible in emergency
- universal donor
- no agglutinogens
30
Rh blood factor
- when present Rh positive, when absent Rh negative
- antibodies to Rh factor are not automatically present
- appear when Rh- person exposed to Rh+ blood
- RhoGram prevents Rh- mother from making anti-D
31
leukocytes characteristics
- mostly found in body tissues
- enter tissues from blood vessels
- diapedesis and chemotaxis
- help defend body against pathogens
- contain nucleus and cellular organelles
- don't contain hemoglobin
- motile and flexible
- strictly for immune defence
32
diapedesis
- squeezing through endothelial cells of blood vessels
| - has to change shapes
33
chemotaxis
- need diapedesis
- attraction of leukocytes to infection site
- molecules released from damaged cells or pathogens
34
WBC anatomy
- a nucleus and no hemoglobin
35
WBC types
- granular: neutrophils, eosinophils, or basophils
| - agranular: monocytes or lymphocytes
36
eosin and basophilic stain
- eosin= red
| - basophilic= blue
37
neutrophil
- 50-70%
- polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs)
- nuclei: 2-5 lobes connected by thing strands
- faint granules filled with digestive enzymes
- enters tissue spaces to phagocytize pathogens
- puss I collection of dead neutrophils
38
eosinophils
- 1-4%
- nucleus: 2 lobes connected by thin strand
- large, uniform sized granules stain orange-red with acidic dyes
- granules contain enzymes that end allergic reactions (antigen-antibody complexes)
- active in fighting parasitic worm infections (# will be high with parasite)
39
basophil
- large, dark purple, variable size granules
- nuclei: irregular, multi-lobed
2 chemicals in granules: histamine and heparin
40
histamine
- increases blood vessel diameter and permeability
| - causing itching, swollen and runny nasal passages, watery eyes (allergies)
41
heparin
- prevents blood clotting
- powerful anti-coagulant
- keeps blood thin and moving
42
lymphocytes
- 20-40%
- dark, oval to round nucleus, no granules, small
- huge nucleus and thin halo of cytoplasm
- reside in lymphatic tissues (thymus, lymph glands, tonsils spleen, etc.)
- T cells manage immune response
- B cells become plasma cells and secrete antibodies
- NK cells attack abnormal and infected tissue cells
43
monocytes
- 2-8%
- nucleus is shaped like a c or kidney bean
- huge
- can undergo diopedesis
- largest WBC in circulating blood
- take up residence in tissues
- transforms into large phagocytic cells, macrophages
- phagocytize bacteria, viruses, debris
44
emigration in WBCs
- WBCs roll along endothelium, stick to it, and squeeze between cells
- adhesion molecules (selections) near injury site help WBCs stick to endothelium
- molecules (integrals) found on neutrophils assist in movement through wall
45
phagocytosis in WBCs
- neutrophils and macrophages will phagocytize bacteria and debris
- chemotaxis of both
- attracted to kinins from injury site and toxins
46
platelets
- thrombocyte
- membrane-sound cell fragment with no nucleus
- important fro blood clotting
- formed from large cells called megakaryocytes
- circulate for 8-10 days, turning over
- 30% stored in spleen
47
hemostasis
- blood clotting
- stops blood escape through injured vessel wall
- 3 overlapping phases: vasoconstriction, platelet plug formation, clot formation
48
sympathetic NS response to hemostasis
at 10% loss
- sympathetic response initiated
- increased vasoconstriction heart rate increases, increased force of heart contraction
- blood redistributed to heart and brain
- effective in maintaining blood pressure until 40% lost
- at 40% medical intervention necessary
49
natural method of blood doping
- self donation of erythroytes
- blood removes prior to competition
- increases EPO production by kidneys
- erythrocytes transfused back prior to competition
50
chemical blood doping
- pharmaceutical EPO
- increases blood viscosity
- heart required to work harder
- can cause permanent cardiovascular damage
Anatomy Midterm #2
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