Anatomy Midterm #2 > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

(51 cards)

Study These Flashcards
1
Q

endocrine system

A
  • work with nervous to achieve homeostasis
  • hormones released into bloodstream from ductless glands and travel throughout body
  • results may take hours but last longer
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

hormone receptors

A
  • hormone only affect target cells with specific membrane proteins called receptors
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

control of hormone secretion

A
  • regulated by a self-adjusting mechanism called feedback loop
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

2 types of feedback loop

A

1) negative feedback loop

2) positive feedback loop

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

negative feedback loop

A
  • stimulus starts process like an elevation in blood glucose
  • hormone secreted in response is insulin
  • insulin brings about a decrease in blood glucose
  • end result is to negate the effects of stimulus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

positive feedback loop

A
  • only breastfeeding and childbirth
  • stimulus doesn’t produce an opposite and counteracting effect
  • stimulus accelerates the process until stimulus is removes
  • then process halts
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

major endocrine organs

A
  • pineal gland
  • hypothalamus
  • pituitary gland
  • thyroid gland
  • parathyroid gland
  • thymus
  • adrenal gland
  • pancreas
  • ovary/testis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

hypothalamic control of endocrine system

A
  • its the interface between nervous and endocrine system and the master gland of endocrine system
  • controls and oversees most endocrine functions
  • located in inferior region of diencephalon superior to pituitary gland
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

mechanisms of hypothalamic control

A

controls most endocrine activity in 3 ways

1) controls release of 6 regulatory hormones from anterior pituitary gland
2) secretes oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone from posterior pituitary gland
3) controls stimulation and secretion activities of adrenal medulla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

pituitary gland

A
  • hypophysis
  • inferior to hypothalamus
  • within sella turcica of sphenoid bones
  • connected to hypothalamus by thin stalk called infundibulum
  • anterior and posterior lobes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

anterior/posterior pituitary gland

A
  • anterior: pars tubercles, pars intermedia, pars distils

posterior: infundibular stalk, pars nervosa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

hormones of anterior pituitary

A
  • growth hormone (GH) (somatotropin)
  • follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
  • luteinizing hormone (LH)
  • prolactin (PRL)
  • adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH)
  • thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

growth hormone (GH)

A
  • produced by somatotropin cells
  • target cells are liver, skeletal muscle, cartilage, and bone
  • increase cell growth and division by increasing their uptake of amino acids and synthesis of proteins
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

hypo/hyper secretion of GH

A
  • hyposecretion= dwarfism

- hypersecretion= gigantism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

A
  • released by gonadotrophs
  • initiates formation of follicles in ovary
  • stimulates follicle cells to secrete estrogen
  • stimulates sperm production in testes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

luteinizing hormone (LH)

A
  • produced by gonadotrophs
  • in females it stimulates the secretion of estrogen and progesterone and triggers ovulation
  • in males it stimulates the secretion of testosterone
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

prolactin (PRL)

A
  • produced by lactotrophs
  • causes milk production
  • function in males unknown
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)

A
  • secreted by corticotrophs

- stimulates cells of adrenal cortex that produce glucocorticoids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

A
  • secreted by thyrotrophs
  • acts on thyroid
  • stimulates production of T3 and T4 thyroid hormones that regulates metabolism of most body tissues
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

posterior pituitary

A
  • has axon terminals of hypothalamic neurons
  • release 2 neurotransmitters that enter capillaries:
    1) antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
    2) oxytocin (OT)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Study These Flashcards
A
  • respond to low blood pressure
  • decrease urine production and sweating
  • increase BP and thirst
22
Q

oxytocin (OT)

Study These Flashcards
A
  • 2 target tissues involved in neuroendocrine reflexes
  • during delivery
  • after delivery
23
Q

oxytocin during delivery

Study These Flashcards
A
  • babes head stretches cervix
  • hormone release enhances uterine muscle contraction
  • baby and placenta delivered
24
Q

oxytocin after delivery

Study These Flashcards
A
  • suckling and hearing babes cry stimulates milk release

- hormone causes muscle contraction and milk ejection

25
thyroid gland
- largest gland entirely devoted to endocrine activities - just inferior to thyroid cartilage and anterior to trachea - butterfly shape with right and left lobes connected by midline isthmus
26
follicular cells of thyroid gland
- they surround follicle filled with precursor substance (thyroglobin and thyroid protein) - active form is thyroid hormone T3 or T4 - bound to iodine
27
thyroid hormones
- T3: triiodothyronine hormone - T4: thyroxine hormone - calcitonin
28
T3 and T4
- regulate oxygen use and metabolic rate - cellular metabolism of almost all cells - growth and development (mostly of skeletal and nervous tissue)
29
calcitonin
- regulates Ca and P metabolism | - bone maintenance
30
parathyroid glands
- small glans embedded on posterior surface of thyroid gland - usually 4 - parathyroid cells secrete parathyroid hormone that helps regulate serum calcium
31
parathyroid hormone
- opposite function of calcitonin - raises blood calcium levels - increase activity of osteoclasts - increase reabsorption of Ca+2 by kidney - promote formation of calcitriol by kidney and liver which increases absorption of Ca+2 by intestinal tract
32
adrenal glands
- paired glands anchored on superior border of kidneys | - divided into outer adrenal cortex and inner adrenal medulla
33
adrenal cortex
- 3 layers 1) zona glomerulosa 2) zona fasciculata 3) zona reticularis
34
zona glomerulosa
- mineralocorticoids (aldosterone) secrete in response to low blood pressure - signals kidneys to board more Na and water
35
zona fasciculata
- glucocorticoids (cortisol) secreted in response to stress - raises blood sugar levels - also used as anti-inflammatory agent - prolonged high cortisol levels affects your immune system poorly
36
zona reticularis
- produce estrogen and testosterone related hormones
37
adrenal medulla
- chromaffin cells receive direct innervation from sympathetic nervous system - produce catecholamines: epinephrine and norepinephrine - hormones are sympathomimetic: effects mimic those of sympathetic NS, cause fight or flight behaviour
38
pancreas
- 15 cm - upper left abdomen - posterior to stomach - has hormones and digestive (exocrine) functions - has ducts leading into lumen of small intestine
39
cells of pancreas
- 98-99% are pancreatic acini that produce alkaline pancreatic secretions into ducts - 1-2% are small clusters of endocrine cells called pancreatic islets - hormones of islet cells closely regulate the level of blood glucose
40
anatomy of pancreas
- has head, tail and body - cells in acini produce digestive enzymes - endocrine cells in pancreatic islets produce hormones
41
cells types in pancreas islets of langerhans
- alpha cells - beta cells - delta cells - F cells
42
alpha cells
- 20% - produce glucagon - increase blood sugar
43
beta cells
- 70% - produce insulin - decrease blood sugar
44
delta cells
- 5% - produce somatostatin - reduces and regulates secretions of Alpha and beta cells
45
F cell
- produce pancreatic polypeptides | - inhibit activity of exocrine and digestive part of pancreas
46
ovaries
- estrogen, progesteron, relaxin, and inhibin - regulate reproductive cycle - maintain pregnancy - prepare mammary glands for lactation
47
testes
- interstitial cells produce testosterone (histercticial cells) - regulate sperm production - secondary sexual characteristics (taller, Adams apple, bigger hands…)
48
pineal gland
- secretes melatonin - in posterior region of epithalimus - secretion of melatonin depends on light - in presence of norepinephrine (in light) pineal gland is shut off
49
melatonin
- involved in maintaining 24 hours circadian cycle | - maintaining sexual maturation
50
effects of light on pineal gland
- melatonin secretion producing sleepiness occurs during darkness sue to lack of stimulation form sympathetic ganglion which inhibit melatonin release
51
seasonal affective disorder and jet lag
- depression that occurs during winter months when day is short - due to overproduction of melatonin - making too much melatonin or making it at the wrong time - therapy: exposure to several hours of artificial light, speeds recovery from jet lag
Anatomy Midterm #2
flashcards
Decks in class (8)
# Cards
Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2026 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions