Body Composition

Question 1

Essential fat

Answer 1

fat required to keep the body functioning efficiently (found in bone marrow, CNS, muscle & organs

Question 2

storage fat

Answer 2

fat that accumulates in the adipose tissue

Question 3

fat mass

Answer 3

essential fat + storage fat

Question 4

Lean body mass (LBM)

Answer 4

essential fat and includes muscle & bone ect.

Question 5

Fat free mass (FFM)

Answer 5

body mass - all fat (fat free mass= LBM-essential fat

Question 6

Determinants for % body fat

Answer 6

1. Age- metabolic rate, sarcopenia, hormone change
2. % percent can change due to muscle mass and not fat mass
3. sex
4. lifestyle
5. activity level
6. job

Question 7

would you use body composition on all clients?

Answer 7

yes- if the client was curious about it, specific goals for weight loss/sport (boxer, body builder, rowing/running/cycling, or if they need it for their occupation

no- disordered eating, & is it relevant?

Question 8

Name 2 compartment models

Answer 8

1. two compartment
2. multiple compartment

Question 9

Describe two compartment model of body comp.

Answer 9

-Measures fat mass & fat free mass
-popular & convenient
-Includes skin fold, bioelectrical impedance and hydrostatic weighing

Question 10

Describe multiple compartment model of body comp.

Answer 10

-measures fat, water, protein, bone/mineral of the fat free body
-uses population specific reference bodies that take into account age, gender, ethnicity
-4 compartment model
-Includes DXA

Question 11

explain the ‘Direct’ method of body comp.

Answer 11

Chemical analysis to dissolving body tisse into fat and non fat components (you have to be dead)

Question 12

Explain the ‘Indirect’ method of body comp. (lab tests)

Answer 12

1. Dexa- measures total body comp and regional body comp. It is safe, quick/easy to use, accounts for individuals fat, LBM, fat %, bone mineral, sex & ethnicity
2. Hydrostatic weighing- determines body density & % body fat, but it is expensive, uncomfortable, difficult, time consuming.

Question 13

Explain the ‘Doubly Indirect’ methods of body comp. (field test)

Answer 13

1. Bioelectrical impedance
2. Anthropometry
   -Waist circumfrence
   -Waist to hip ratio
   -Skin fold
   -Girth of limbs

Question 14

Explain bioelectrical impedance

Answer 14

1. Bioelectrical impedance- Quick, inexpensive. Doesn’t account for limbs, many guildlines to follow before using it that can change the results. Sources of error (technician skill, client factors, intrumentation & environmental factos). Low reliability as results are subjected to hydration levels, doesnot propery take in amount of fat/muscle because of amount water content in each.

Question 15

explain waist circumfrence

Answer 15

1.Waist circumfrence: strongest predictor of viscreal fat independant of age, sex, and race. Best determinant for overall health (women >88cm, men >102cm- cut off for increased risk factors)

Question 16

Explain waist to hip ration

Answer 16

Waist to hip ratio: Provides estimate body fat distribution & identifies those with higher amount of abdominal fat. Closer the measurements are the less risk they have. (>0.95M, >.86CMW- health risk very high young adults.

Question 17

Explain skin folds

Answer 17

Skin fold thickness of several folds of the skin across the body. The amount of subcutaneous fat is proportional to the total amount of body fat. Low reliablity, lots of human error, uncomfortable.

Question 18

explain girth of limbs

Answer 18

Girth of limbs- more required for sport specific.