Physiology > Body Fluids > Flashcards

Body Fluids Flashcards

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1
Q

Ions make up …% of solutes

A

95%

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2
Q

Formula to calculate osmotic pressure

A

P = r × C × R × T

  • P: Osmotic pressure*
  • r: reflection coefficient*
  • C: Conc. of dissolved substance*
  • R: General gas constant*
  • T: Temperature*
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3
Q

Describe the Reflection coefficient

A
  • If a substance cannot diffuse accross the membrane
    • Coefficient value = 1
  • If a substance can pass freely
    • Coefficient value = 0
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4
Q

Describe Molarity

A

​​mol/liter

  • Anelectrolites:
    • 1 mol dissolved substance in 1 litre
    • Has an osmotic pressure of 2.27 MPa
  • Molarity of body fluids:
    • Unit: mmol/l
    • Osmotic pressure measured in kPa
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5
Q

Osmolarity

A

1 osmol/l = 6×1023 dissolved substance / liter

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6
Q

Molality

A

mol/kg

  • No. mol of substance in 1kg solvent
  • Correlated with freezing point depression
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7
Q

Calculate molality

A
  • Electrolites:
    • Conc. x dissociation constant
    • (1 mol NaCl - 3.72°C)
  • Anelectrolites:
    • Conc. related to freezing point
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8
Q

Define Osmolality

A

Measures of the body’s electrolyte-water balance

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9
Q

Freezing point depression for water

A

1.86 °C

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10
Q

Freezing point depression for blood plasma

A

0.56°C

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11
Q

Calculate osmolality:

  • For dilute anelectrolite solutions
A

mosmol/kg = mmol/kg

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12
Q

Calculate osmolality:

  • For complete dissociation
A

moslmol/kg = mmol/kg x no. dissociated ions

(E.g NaCl has 2 dissociated ions, Na+ + Cl-)

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13
Q

Calculate osmolality:

  • For concentrated solutions
  • (Biological fluids)
A

mosmol/kg = mmol/kg x g

  • g: osmotic coefficient*
  • Plasma NaCl - g=0.926*

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14
Q

Oncotic/colloidosmotic pressure

A

Pressure maintained by proteins and colloid particles

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15
Q

Give the anelectrolite concentrations of the blood plasma

A
  • Glucose:
    • 5 mmol/l (Monogastric)
    • 3 mmol/l (Ruminants)
    • 10 mmol/l (Birds)
  • Urea: 3-10 mmol/l
  • NPN 15-25mmol/l

NPN = ‘Non-protein nitrogen’

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16
Q

Give the concentrations of the cations in blood plasma

A
  • Na+ = 140 mmol/l
  • K+ = 4 mmol/l
  • Mg2+ = 1.5 mmol/l
  • Ca2+ = 1.25 mmol/l
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17
Q

Give the concentrations of the anions in blood plasma

A
  • Cl- = 110 mmol/l
  • HCO3- = 27 mmol/l
  • Protein = 17 mmol/l
  • Phosphate = 2 mmol/l
  • Sulphate = 1 mmol/l
  • Organic acids = 4 mmol/l
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18
Q

Value of osmolality of blood plasma calculated based on total electrolyte concentration

A

280 mmol/kg

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19
Q

Value of osmolality of blood plasma calculated by freezing point depression

A

300 mmol/kg

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20
Q

Calculate non-ionic osmolality

A

300 mmol/kg - 280 mmol/kg

(Freezing point osmolality - total electrolyte osmolality)

= 20 mmol/kg

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21
Q

Give the concentration of plasma proteins

A

60-80 g/l

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22
Q

Give the oncotic pressure (Osmotic pressure of plasma proteins)

A

2.7-3.4 kPa

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23
Q

Give the molarity of plasma proteins

A

1.2-1.5 mmol/l

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24
Q

How are plasma proteins quanitfied?

A

Kjeldahl method

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25
* Formula to calculate _protein concentration_ * Approximate value
Oncotic pressure / Osmotic pressure of 1 mol/l _Approximately 2.5 mmol/l_
26
100 µmol/l
27
50 (50-200) µmol/l
28
\< 60-200 µmol/l
29
25%
30
50%
31
25%
32
3-10 mmol/l
33
~ 5 mmol/l
34
Give the methods of fractionation
* Paperelectrophoresis * Geleelectrophoresis * Immunoelectrophoresis * HPLC * Ultracentrifuging * Gel-filtration * Affinity chromatography
35
Paperelectrophoresis
* Only fibrinogen and albumin can be seperated * Other proteins can be found in globulin fraction * a mixture of hundreds of different proteins * Can be used to identify over 300 different proteins
36
Gelelectrophoresis
37
Ultracentrifuging
* High G developed in an ultracentrifuge vacuum * Macromolecules separated according to sedimentation constants
38
Ion exchange chromatography
Seperates proteins on the basis of their charge
39
Gel-filtration
* Seperation with polysaccharide beads (dextran) * Protein with small molecular weight can infiltrate the beads * Proteins therefore spends more time in the beads * Bigger molecules are washed away faster than the smaller ones
40
Affinity chromatography
* Beads covalently bind a specific antibody * Antibody is produced against the protein to the bead * Proteins will be selected from a mixture by the antibodies * The rest of the proteins will be washed away
41
Immune electrophoresis
* Antibody distributed in a gel * Gel poured on a sheet of glass * Electric field applied * Precipitation arcs with the antigen left behind
42
HPLC
High Pressure Liquid Chromatography * High pressure perfusion * Divides proteins in a solid phase column
43
* 60-70 kDa * 55% * 45 g/l
44
* 45-200 kDa * 6% * 4 g/l
45
* 50-800 kDa * 8% * 6 g/l
46
* 90-350 kDa * 11% * 8 g/l
47
* 340 kDa * 5% * 3-6 g/l
48
* 150-1000 kDa * 20% * 15 g/l
49
List the functions of plasma proteins
* Maintain oncotic pressure * Transport functions * albumin * globulin * Blood sedimentation * Buffer action * Blood clotting * Immunity * As the role of an enzyme * General protein metabolism
50
Oncotic pressure: * Responsible by * Purpose
* Albumin responsible for 80% of pressure * Keeps water in circulation
51
What does albumin transport?
* Fatty acids * Bilirubin * Hormones * Vitamins * Metal ions * Calcium, copper, zinc
52
What do globulins transport?
Transferrin: Iron Haptoglobin: Hemaglobin Transcortin: Corticoids TBG: Thyroxin Transcobalamin: Vitamin B12
53
Lipoprotein
Globulin Lipids bind to proteins in the plasma or are closed into a protein envelope Density depends on the fat/protein ratio
54
Give the varieties of lipoprotein
* VLDL: Very low density * IDL: Intermediate density * LDL: Low density * HDL: High density
55
Give the diameter of Chylomicron
500 nm
56
What percentage of HDL is protein?
50%
57
What percentage of LDL is Vitamin C Ester?
40%
58
Give the process of blood sedimentation from the point of infection
1. Acute phase proteins and immunoglobulins displace albumin from RBC surface 2. Total charge of RBC surface decreases 3. Less repulsion, faster sedimentation 4. Inflammation 5. Appearance of immunoglobulins
59
Give the increase of acute phase proteins during inflammation
* Complement proteins: 1.5x * Fibrinogen: 3x * Haptoglobin: 3x * C-reactive proteins: 100-3000x * Serum amyloid-A: 100-3000x
60
Give the importance of plasma proteins when acting as a buffer
Responsible for: * 7% buffer capacity of the blood * 15% buffer capacity of the plasma *Not as important as hemoglobin, which is responsible for 35% buffer capactiy of blood*
61
Give the importance of plasma proteins during blood clotting
* All coagulation factors are plasma proteins (except Ca2+) * These circulate inactively in the intravasal compartment * Anticoagulation and fibrinolysis factors are plasma proteins too
62
Plasma proteins in immunity
* Immunoglobulins * Complement proteins * Signal proteins
63
Functions of plasma enzymes
* Hormone inactivation * Activated blood coagulation factors: Enzymes * Enzymes of: liver, kidney, muscle and heart * **Hold diagnostic importance**
64
Give the factors of general protein metabolism
Plasma proteins change constantly Regeneration capacity of 25% per day *(plasmapheresis)* **10 g/l decrease** in conc. means **1kg decrease** in the total protein content of the body
65
Where are plasma proteins synthesised?
The liver Except for: * Gamma globulins * HDL and VLDL * IC enzymes
66
Where are gamma globulins produced?
Plasma cells
67
Where are HDL's and VLDL's produced?
Intestinal epithelium
68
Where are IC enzymes produced?
In their respective organs
69
Give the pathological change of hypoproteinemia
Starvation
70
Give the pathological change of hyperproteinemia
Kidney disease
71
Give the pathological change of dysproteinemia
Ratio changes of e.g Albumin/globulin
72
Give the pathological change of paraproteinemia
Appearance of pathological proteins ## Footnote *E.g Tumour Bence-jones proteins*
73
Give the pathological change of defect-proteinemia
Lack of some fractions Genetic E.g fibrinogen
74
What are the two important factors determining the formation of ISF?
* Transport through the capillary wall * Forces determining transport
75
Which contents of plasma can pass freely thorugh the capillary wall?
* Water * Electrolites * Crystalloids
76
How can protein move from the Intravascular space to the interstitial space?
Pynocytosis and Exocytosis
77
How does the ISF become concentrated with proteins?
* ISF fluid moves back to the capillary * Proteins cannot get back * Protein concentration increases Plasma/ISF electrolite conc. ratio doesn't change much
78
Describe the transport of colloids in relation to capillaries
Capillary wall acts as a barrier Little transport occurs in continuous capillaries with help of specific carrier systems.
79
Which capillaries are permeable for proteins?
Sinusoids in the liver
80
How can molecules pass the capillary wall?
* By fenestration * Interendothelialy * Trancellularly * By cytosis
81
The the forces determining transport and therefore composition of the interstitial fluid is determined by...
* Diffusion * Osmotic conditions * Electric forces * Hydrostatic forces
82
Diffusion
* Most substances crossing the capillary membrante are transported this way * Particles moving without restriction continuously
83
What causes water to move from the ISF to the intravasal compartment?
Oncotic pressure
84
If movement of a component is restricted between two compartments...
The **concentration of diffusible ions will be different** in the compartments after the balance develops
85
Electroneutrality
The total amount of anions and cations have to be equal in certain compartments
86
Thermodynamic rule
The product of the concentrations of diffusilbe ions must be equal on both sides of the membrane
87
Give the main principles of Gibbs-Donnan balance
Electroneutrality previals Sum of electromotive force developed by cations and anions is 0 in the case of balance. Balanced with the Nernst equation: **E = RT / nF × ln([Ion]inside / [Ion]outside )**
88
What can be derived from this formula?
The ratio of anion and cation concentration is the same on both sides of the membrane
89
Because proteinate ions cannot pass through a dyalizing membrane, what differences can be seen between K+ and Cl- concentrations either side of a membrane?
90
Give the distribution quotient (ISF/Plasma)
[K+]i / [K+]o = [Cl-]o / [Cl-]i = 1.05
91
Why is the ratio of concentraion between the Intravasal compartment/interstitium smaller than Intracellular compartment/interstitium?
**Less** protein conc. difference in the **IC compartment** and the **ISF** Compared with **More** protein conc. difference in the **Plasma** and the **ISF**
92
What continually moves water into the plasma?
Osmotic pressure
93
What continuously moves water out of the plasma?
Hydrostatic pressure
94
Which pressure is higher at the arterial end of a capillary? * Hydrostatic pressure * Oncotic pressure
Hydrostatic pressure ## Footnote *Results in filtration*
95
Which pressure is higher at the venous end of a capillary? * Hydrostatic pressure * Oncotic pressure
Oncotic Pressure ## Footnote *Results in resorption*
96
Oedema is a kind of...
ISF overproduction (Local or general isoosmotic hypervolemia)
97
How can oedema be tested?
Pressing the oedematous area with the hand leaves an impression
98
What causes effective filtration pressure?
Oncotic and hydrostatic forces
99
The difference between oncotic and hydrostatic forces is greater: * On the arterial end? * On the venous end?
On the arterial end
100
What is the net filtration rate?
3-4ml/minute/100kg body mass
101
The excess volume from net filtration is removed by...
Lymph vessels
102
Oedema is the result of...
* Overfiltration * Decreased resorption
103
Give the concentrations of the anions in the interstitial fluid
Cl-: 114mmol/l HCO3-: 28mmol/l
104
Give the concentrations of the cations in the interstitial fluid
Na+: 135mmol/l K+: 4mmol/l Mg2+: 1.5mmol/l Ca2+: 1.25mmol/l
105
Interstitial drainage and protein resorption is responsible by
The lymphatic system
106
Intracellular fluid
* High conc. of IC substances * Volume and osmolarity - kept in a narrow range * Selective permeability * Stable ion, crystalloid and protein content
107
Describe selective permeability of the cell membrane
* Membrane is permeable only for certain ions and substances * Regulated transport requiring energy
108
How does osmolarity inside cells increase?
Proteins attract ions into the cell
109
Give strategies to stop cells from bursting from high water content
* Some protozoons excrete water actively * Plants have a strong cell wall * Mammalian cells use ion transport *(using energy)*
Physiology
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