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Immunophysiology Flashcards

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1
Q

What did Edward Jenner achieve?

What was his method?

A
  • Invented the vaccine
  • Pus taken from a cowpox pustule
  • Inserted into the arm of a boy
  • The boy was vaccinated
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2
Q

What are the two pathways of removing pathogens?

A
  • Innate/Natural immunity
  • Adaptive/Acquired immunity
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3
Q

Summary of natural immunity

A
  • Cellular and humoral elements remove pathogens
  • Not antigen specific
  • Immediate reaction
  • Activated by toll-like receptor
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4
Q

Summary of aquired immunity

A
  • Production of specific antibodies
  • Response can be humoral or cellular
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5
Q

Which type of antigen aren’t antibodies produced against

A

Major histocompatibility complex

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6
Q

Innate and active immune processes are divided into 3 phases:

A
  • Afferent phase
  • Central Phase
  • Efferent Phase
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7
Q

What occurs during the Afferent phase of innate immunity?

A

Responsive immune cells are prepared

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8
Q

What occurs during the central phase of innate immunity?

A

Specific immunoglobulins (Abs) produced in large quanitites

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9
Q

What occurs during the Efferent phase of innate immunity?

A

Non-self matter is eliminated

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10
Q

Give the organs of the Primary immune system

A
  • Thymus
  • Bursa
  • Embryonic liver
  • Bone marrow (Red and yellow)
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11
Q

Give the organs of the secondary immune system

A
  • Lymph nodes
  • Spleen
  • MALT (Mucosa assoicated lymph tissue)
  • GALT (Gut associated lymph tissue)
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12
Q

Which long-term process is shown in the figure?

A

The involution of the thymus over a lifetime

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13
Q

What are macrophages derived from?

A

Monocytes

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14
Q

Which cells can kill viruses-infected and tumour cells without a previous encounter?

A

Natural killer cells

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15
Q

Natural killer cells don’t require binding to…

A

MHC-Ag complex

They can kill tumour cells that have low levels of MHC molecules

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16
Q

Which cell surface markers are absent from NK cells?

A

CD4 and CD8 antigens

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17
Q

NK cells posess … which prevent lysis of cells with MHC molecules

A

Killer inhibitory receptors

cells bind to these to avoid being eliminated

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18
Q

Which NK receptors cause lysis of target cells?

A

Killer activating receptors

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19
Q

Which cell is described as the bridge between the innate and adaptive immune system

A

Dentritic cell (Innate immune system)

contains TLRs

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20
Q

Describe the immune system activation via the Toll-like receptor (TLR)

A
  • Receptor acts as a sensor
    • Recognises microorganisms by ligand binding
  • Activates innate immune system
  • Inflammation

If toll gene is mutated, the system wont work

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21
Q

How many toll-receptors have been identified?

A

10+

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22
Q

Give the varieties of toll-like receptor

A

External TLRs: On the cell surface

Internal TLRs: On endosomes

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23
Q

Why can’t the innate immune system be called ‘completely non-specific’?

A

TLRs recognise certain pathogenic substances

Therefore not specific

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24
Q

What is the main role of dendritic cells?

A
  1. Search for microorganisms
  2. Initiate inflammation
  3. Engulf microorganisms
  4. Process the microoganisms
  5. Express MHC receptors
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25
List the main _molecular_ components of the _Innate_ immune response
* Complement factors * Heat shock proteins * FC receptors * Inflammatory cytokines * Histamine
26
List the main _cellular_ components of the _innate_ immune response
* Macrophages * NK cells * Granulocytes * Dendritic cells * Neutrophil * Eosinophil * Basophil
27
List the main _molecular_ components of the _Aquired_ immune response
* Antibodies * MHC * T+B cell receptors * Lymphatic cytokines
28
List the main _cellular_ components of the _aquired_ immune response
* B+T Lymphocytes * APCs * Dendritic cell * Follicular dendritic cell
29
List the main _functional_ _characteristics_ of the _aquired_ immune response
* Antigen specific * Immunological memory * Activated after latency period * _Exponential_ amplification of reaction
30
Name the three pathways to activate the mechanism of the _complement system_
* Classic pathway * Alternative pathway * Mannose binding lectin activated pathway
31
Describe the _clasic pathway_ to the complement system
* Previously produced specific _antibody_ + _antigen_: * Build a _complex_ * Complex initates the process
32
Describe the _alternative pathway_ to the complement system
* Previously unknown antigen * Appears and acts as a trigger
33
Describe the _Mannose binding lectin activated pathway_ to the complement system
Mannose-binding lectin _binds mannose_ on pathogen surface
34
What is the function of the complement system?
* _Lysis_ of bacterial membranes * Initiation of _chemotaxis_ * Stimulate _opsonisation_
35
After the complement system has been activated
1. Autocatalytic process 2. Complement protein activation *in plasma* 3. Membrane-drill formed 4. Pathogen membrane disturbed 5. Death of pathogen
36
Chemotaxis
_Complement factors_ attract _phagocytes_ to the site of reaction
37
Membrane drill
38
The three _complement activating pathways_ converge to the...
C3 complement component
39
What are the two major forms of aquired/specific immune response
* Humoral Immunity * Cellular immunity
40
Clones of B cells ## Footnote *In secondary lymph organs*
41
Ag stimulus
42
* Blastic transformation * Plasma cells
43
* Helper * Supressor * Cytotoxic
44
Hematopoietic stem cells are produced in...
Bone marrow
45
Hematopoietic stem cells produce...
* Myeloid progenitor cells * Lymphoid progenitor cells
46
Which inflammatory cells does the Myeloid progenitor cell produce?
* Neutrophil * Basophil * Eosinophil * Monocyte
47
Which cells does the monocyte produce?
* Dendritic cell * Macrophage
48
Why is active immunity named as such?
The system actively responds to the antigen
49
Passive immunity
Individual made immune by recieving cells/immunoglobulins by an immunised individual
50
Acquired immunity is divided into which two groups?
* Active immunity - *specific, creates memory* * Passive immunity - *specific, no memory*
51
What occurs during the _Afferent_ phase of _acquired_ immunity?
* Ly-repertoir express receptors * Recognise Ags, Ag and LyR interactions * Ag activation + processing * Discrimination between 'self' and 'non-self'
52
What occurs during the _Central_ phase of _acquired_ immunity?
Non-specific immune cells undergo: * Activation * Proliferation * Differentiation * B-cells → Plasma cells* * T-Cells → Effector T-Lymphocytes*
53
What occurs during the _Efferent_ phase of _acquired_ immunity?
* Immune cells eliminate 'non-self' structures * Protect/develop tolerance against 'self' structures
54
Major characteristics of humoral immunity
* _Antigen recognition_: *by Antibodies or T/B-cell receptors* * Immunoglobulins specifically bind ligands * Immunoglobulin production
55
Give the regions/chains of immunoglobulins
* Heavy chains * Light chains * Variable regions * Constant regions
56
Heavy chain
57
Light Chain
58
Variable Region
59
Constant Region
60
Flexible Hinge region
61
Which part of the antibody binds to the antigen binding domain?
The aminoterminal end
62
Which part of the antibody binds to the surface receptors of cells
Effector region
63
Immunoglobulins can be cleaved by enzymes into...
* Antigen binding fragments * Crystallisable Fragments
64
1: Monovalent 2: Bivalent
65
Which part of the antibody is in the red box?
FAB | (Fragment antigen binding)
66
Which part of the antibody is in the red box?
FC Fraction crystallisable *(responsible for biological effect*)
67
Which part of the antibody is in the red box?
2 x _Hypervariable_ antigen binding sites ## Footnote *Each binds one antigen*
68
Which part of the antibody is in the red box?
Joint region ('hinge') ## Footnote *Allow flexibility during binding*
69
Variability in antibody _class_ is known as...
Isotipia
70
Variability in _individual antibodies_ is known as...
Allotipia
71
Variability in antibody _Type_ is known as...
Idiotipia
72
Idiotype is determined by which region?
Variable region
73
Isotype is determined by which region?
Constant region
74
What forms antibodies?
Immunoglobin domains
75
Immunoglobulin domain
_Loops_ form in the _peptide chain_ Caused by _disulphide bonds_
76
Complimentary Determining Region (CDR)
77
kappa lambda
78
Mu
79
Gamma 1-4
80
Alpha 1-2
81
Delta
82
Epsilon
83
Neutrophil Macrophage
84
Basophil Mast cell
85
IgA dimer produced Secreted into interstitial fluid
86
IgA binds to polymeric receptor ## Footnote *Contains secretory component*
87
Secretory vesicle Secretory IgA seperates
88
Secretory IgA binds to pathogen
89
Secretory-IgA
90
Pentamer IgM
91
Due to the size of Pentamer IgM, it causes a blockage in transplacental transfer of IgM, preventing...
Haemoblastosis fetalis
92
Monofunctional character of immunoglobulins is...
FAB dependent function
93
Polyfunctional character of immunoglobulins is a...
FC dependent function
94
Non-activated B-lymphocytes produce
**IgM** ***becuase C*µ is next to VDJ**
95
When is Monofunctional character of immunoglobulins activated?
Before antigen administration
96
When is polyfunctional character of immunoglobulins activated?
After antigen administration
97
Immunoglobulins are synthesised by...
B-lymphocytes
98
_During the humoral immune response_, B-lymphocytes with B-cell receptors (BCR) are called...
Recognising cells ## Footnote *As they bind to a specific antigen*
99
Antigen binding to B-lymphocytes causes...
Cell differentiation: B-lympocyte → Plasma cell Plasma cell secretes antibodies
100
Primary antibody repertoire
A set of immunoglobulins produced by B-cells: * 109 different antigen determinants * No antigen stimulus * B-cell recognises a single antigen
101
What is shown?
Model of clone selection theory
102
1
* Lymphocyte clones mature * Specific for diverse antigens
103
2
* Lymphocyte clones contact with antigens * Go to lymph organs * Antigens are selecting appropriate lymphocytes * Then activating antigen-specific clones
104
3
* Clones converted to plasma cells​ Result: Antigen specific immune response
105
Clone selection theorises that B-lymphcytes specific to an antigen are...
_Already present_ before infection
106
It can be deduced from the clone selection theory that...
Immunoglobulins against all antigens are produced, and are stored on the B-lymphocyte cell surface
107
What ensures genetic diversity of immunoglobulins?
Gene rearrangement
108
What is shown in the figure?
Gene structure of a mouse heavy chain locus
109
L=
Leader ## Footnote *First section of the proteins*
110
V=
Variable region ## Footnote *of the heavy chain*
111
D=
Diversity supporting region
112
J=
Joining region
113
C=
Constant region
114
What do the red numbers represent?
DNA section length
115
Describe immunoglobulin gene rearrangement
* Segments join randomly * Can recognise millions of different antigens * Isotype switching * Antigen stimulus → H-chain changes
116
Which process is shown in the diagram?
Isotype switching
117
List the stages of gene rearrangement
1. Somatic recombination D-J joining 2. Somatic recombination V-D-J joining 3. Deleted DNA collapses in nucleus
118
List the stages of isotype switching
1. Linear deletion (proliferation/differentiation of B-cells) 2. Transcription + Translation 3. Final product
119
Switching of Immunoglobin class happens due to...
Alternative splicing ## Footnote *at an mRNA level*
120
List the stages of Alternative splicing
* Rearranged DNA → *Transcription* * Primary RNA transcript → *Splicing* * mRNA → *Translation* * M heavy chain/ IgM produced
121
What regulates class-switching?
Cytokines
122
Which different '_Constant region'_ RNA transcripts exist? Which isotypes do they produce?
* Cµ → IgM * Cγ → IgG * Cα → IgA * Cδ → IgE * Cε → IgD
123
Give the major characteristics of the immune response
* Specificity * Diversity * Memory * Self restriction * Differentiation of self fron non-self
124
What is an antigen?
* Substance recognised by T/B cell receptors * Induces active immune response/tolerance
125
Immunogen
Fine chemical structure, which can induce specific immune response
126
Epitope
Region of the antigen molecule recognized by Ig/BcR or TcR
127
Paratop
Ligand pair of the epitope
128
Hapten
* Antigen * Can't induce immune reaction itself * Recognised by immunoglobulins
129
Carrier
* Holds hapten molecules on the surface * Doesn't participate in the anti-hapten immune reaction
130
No AB
131
Anti-BSA
132
* Anti-T4 * Anti-BSA * Anti-T4/BSA
133
Immunogenicity
The capacity to create immune response
134
Immunogenicity is determined by...
* Grade of fereignness * Molecular weight * Structure complexity
135
Antigenicity is determined by...
* Binding force * Specificity
136
Immune reaction followed by a repeated immunisation by the body is called...
Secondary immune response
137
Give the steps of the secondary immune response
1. Antigen stimulus 2. Lymphocyte proliferation and increase 3. Antibody + memory cell production
138
Which cells allow for faster, more efficient immune responses?
Memory cells
139
Which molecules are responsible for 'self' and 'non-self' differentiation?
* Immunoglobulins * B cell receptors (BcR) * T cell receptors (TcR) * MHC class I and II molecules
140
MHC molecules are genetically determined, true or false?
True
141
What is shown in the figure?
Class I (Left) and Class II (Right) MHC molecules
142
After the APC binds to the T-helper cell, what occurs
1. Cytokine production in APC (*importantly, dentritic cells)* 2. Interleikin-2 production in T-helper cell 3. Activating T-helper cell proliferation
143
MHC II can be found in...
* Langerhans cell * Interdigital cell * **Dendritic cell** * B-lymphocytes * Macrophage cells
144
Fc Receptors can be found in...
* Langerhans cell * Dendritic cells * B-lymphocytes * Macrophage cells
145
C3b receptors can be found in...
* Langerhans cell * Dendritic cells * B-lymphocytes * Macrophage cells
146
Phagocytosis can be found in...
* **Dendritic cells** * Macrophages
147
In which two phases does humoral acquired immunity develop?
* Antigen-independent (Preparatory) * Antigen dependent
148
_Antigen-independent_ phase of _humoral_ aquired immunity
* Pre-B-lymphocytes → virgin-B-lymphocytes * IgG-like molecule appears on the cell surface * Enter the blood
149
_Antigen-dependent_ phase of humoral aquired immunity
* Virgin-B-lymphocyte binds to compatible Antigen on APC * Virgin-B-lymphocyte is activated by interleukins * ***May be T-helper cell independent or dependent*** * B-lymphocytes undergo _blastic transformation_ in secondary lymph organs * Eventually, immunoglobulins are released into blood
150
_Antigen-independent_ phase of _cellular_ aquired immunity
* Pre-T-lymphocytes → virgin-T-lymphocytes * IgG-like molecule (_TCR_) appears on the cell surface (becomes _Ti cell_) * Enter the blood
151
_Antigen-dependent_ phase of _cellular_ aquired immunity
If Ti cell carries CD4 antigen: * Cell can recognise an antigen on an APC with an MHC-II antigen * Link between APC and Ti-cell = Primary stimulation * Ti cell activation → blastic transformation * T helper cell produced
152
Ti-cells with a CD8 antigen...
Recognises antigens expressed beside MHC-1 antigen *Tumour and virus antigens* Leads to _Cytotoxic T-cells_ being produced
153
Cytotoxic T-cell
Immediately kills cells with tumor and virus antigens
154
Give the stages of T-lymphocyte maturation in the thymus
1. T-lymphocyte receptors appear 2. Immature lymphocytes can bind to MHC structures 3. Positive selection: Only lymphocytes that can bind survive 4. Negative selection: Lymphocytes which recognise _both_ MHC and Self-Ag must die.
155
CD8+ cytotoxic T cells
* Kill virally infected cells * Kill tumor cells * Kill cells with cytosolic bacteria
156
CD4+ T cells (TH)
* Cytokine production * TH1: Activates macrophages * TH2: Activates B cells → Antibody production
157
Latency
158
Log-phase
159
Plateau
160
Decrease
161
Primary response
162
Secondary response
163
What is shown in the diagram
The interactions vetween the nervous, endocrine and immune systems
Physiology
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