Bones & skeletal sys

Question 1

Intra-

Answer 1

within

Question 2

meso-

Answer 2

middle

Question 3

os- / osteo-

Answer 3

bone

Question 4

peri-

Answer 4

around

Question 5

-blast

Answer 5

create

Question 6

-clast

Answer 6

break down

Question 7

-cyte

Answer 7

a cell

Question 8

chondro-

Answer 8

cartilage

Question 9

4 tissue types of skeletal system

Answer 9

bones, cartilage, ligament, tendon

Question 10

6 major functions of skeletal system

Answer 10

1. support
2. protection
3. assistance w/ movement
4. mineral homeostasis
5. produce blood cells
6. store triglyceride (energy)

Question 11

a-

Answer 11

not / none

Question 12

2 ways cartilage grows

Answer 12

1. Appositional: cartilage added to outside of existing cartilage
2. Interstitial: chondrocytes (in matrix) divide & add more matrix b/w chondrocytes

Question 13

lacunae

Answer 13

small spaces where chondrocytes lie

Question 14

acellular matrix of cartilage consist of…

Answer 14

dense network of collagen & elastic fibres, and chondrocytes w/in lacunae

Question 15

how is cartilage made?

Answer 15

chondroblasts produce matrix => once surrounded by matrix changes name to chondrocytes (located in lacunae)

Question 16

bone matrix includes

Answer 16

(35%) organic [collagen & proteoglycan] & (65%) inorganic [hydropyapatite]

Question 17

Formation of bone matrix by…

Answer 17

ostification/osteogenesis from osteoblast. Osteoblast (E.R & golgi) produce & release collagen. Precursors of hydroxyapatite (in vesicles) released

Question 18

2 ways bone grows

Answer 18

1st. Woven: collagen fibres randomly arranged (foetal develop. & initial fracture repair)
2nd. Lamellar: woven bone is broken down by osteoclast & reformed into lamellae (thin sheets). Each lamellae has collagen fibres parallel to each other, but in different lamellae CF at diff. directions

Question 19

2 Types of bone formation (ossification)

Answer 19

1. Intramembranous: w/in CT membranes e.g. skull bones

2. Endochondral: w/in cartilage template e.g. base of skull

Question 20

4 classification of bones according to shape

Answer 20

• long: upper & lower limbs
• Short: carpal (wrist) & tarsals
• Flat: ribs, sternum, skull, scapul
• Irregular: vertebrae, facial

Question 21

2 types of bone

Answer 21

• Spongy/cancellous/trabecular: pores (trabecullae).»_space; weight bearing
• Compact/Cortical: contain osteon/Haversian sys.

Question 22

Describe structure of osteon in compact bone

Answer 22

1. central/haversian canal
2. Lammellae: circumfrential (around central canal) & interstitial (in b/w osteons)
3. Perforating/Volkmann’s canal: small horizontal canal - transmit blood vessels from periosteum to haversian canal

Question 23

types of bone structures

Answer 23

1. Flat: no diaphysis & epiphysis. Sandwich of spongey & compact bone (skull, ribs, sternum)
2. short & irregular: compact bone surrounding spongey bone (like epiphysis). No diaphysis (vertebrae, carpals, tarsals)
3. has Long: epiphysis, diaphysis, medullary cavity, epiphyseal plate (hyaline cartilage) /line (kids/adults). (e.g bones of limbs)

Question 24

Blood Calcium homeostasis

Answer 24

• Low levels: PTH stimulates osteoclast to break bone
• Hi levels: Calcitonin (from parafollicular cells in Thyroid gland) decreases osteoclast activity. & osteoblast make new bone

Question 25

why are Ca2+ needed by the body?

Answer 25

1. release neurotransmitters 2. muscle contraction 3. blood clotting (enzyme cofactor)

Question 26

bone formation marker

Answer 26

osteocalcin (hormone secreted by osteoblast) promotes insulin secretion & improves insulin sensitivity & testosterone production

Question 27

what are the areas of bone that allow for smooth articulation?

Answer 27

Condyle: smooth rounded articular surface | & facet: small flattened articular surface

Question 28

3 Major classifications of joints & its sub groups.

Answer 28

1. Fibrous = non-moveable. 2. Cartilaginous = slightly moveable. hyaline 3. Synovial = freely moveable

Question 29

Characteristics & subclassification of Fibrous joints

Answer 29

Unite 2 bones w/ Fibrous CT, no joint cavity, little/no movement. Gomphosis (teeth joints), Sutures, syndesmosis (radioulnar)

Question 30

Characteristics & subclassification of cartilaginous joints

Answer 30

unite 2 bones w/ cartilage, little/no movement, permanent/replaced by synchondrosis. Hyaline CJ (epiphyseal plate), fibrocartilage J (symphysis pubis, intervertebral discs)

Question 31

Characteristics & features of synovial joints

Answer 31

contain synovial fluid, complex joints, moveable. Most joints unite appendicular skeleton & greater mobility than axial

Question 32

angular movements

Answer 32

1. flexion: bend anteriorly from coronal plane 2. extension: straighten/bend posteriorly to coronal plane * except w/ knee 3. FOOT: dorsiflexion (up) and plantar flexion (down) 4. Abduction 5. Adduction

Question 33

Circular movements

Answer 33

1. Medial & lateral Rotation 2. Pronanation & supination 3. circumduction

Question 34

special pair movements

Answer 34

1. elevation (up) & depression (down shoulders) *shoulder joints can't 2. protraction (underbite) & retraction (overbite) 3. Inversion (tilt foot -> midline) & eversion (rotate away midline) 4. Opposition (touch fingertips w/ thumb) & reposition (relax to normal)

Question 35

tronchanter

Answer 35

large projection

Question 36

tuberosity

Answer 36

rounded projection

Question 37

fossa

Answer 37

shallow depression

Question 38

Foramen

Answer 38

opening

Question 39

Crest

Answer 39

prominent ridge

Question 40

process

Answer 40

prominent projection

Question 41

meatus

Answer 41

passageway

Question 42

Head

Answer 42

enlarged & rounded end

Question 43

neck

Answer 43

b/w head and body

Question 44

condyle

Answer 44

large rounded protuberance (bone protrudes from bone)

Question 45

fissure

Answer 45

narrow slit