BRAIN

Question 1

IPS

Answer 1

• interparietal cortex
• representing relevant stimuli
• “what pathway”

Question 2

PFC

Answer 2

• higher order decision making
• reflect cue-reward association

Question 3

mPFC

Answer 3

• less activation when making self-referential judgments

Question 4

vmPFC

Answer 4

• value comparison (= Rushworth) –> if damaged, deficits in goal-directed behaviour
• affective node of default mode network
• stimulus selection

Question 5

omPFC

Answer 5

• orbital-medial PFC
• integrated emotional and cohgnitive information into rational behaviour (= deMArtino)
• reciprocal connections to Amygdala

Question 6

lPFC

Answer 6

• “What pathway”
• Task-rule application
• translation: visual target -> motor rules
• governs object affordances + utilities (= neuroeconomics)
• state representation (= Lee)
• updating stimulus-response associations -> according to negative feedback
• goal directed behaviour
• connected to sensory + motor cortex
• relies on attention system + attention selection structures

Question 7

dlPFC

Answer 7

• Area 46
• anterior PFC
• rule maintenace
• generalised controller in cascade task
• active in WM memory tasks

Question 8

vlPFC

Answer 8

• IFJ (= part of lPFC) -> expression is used interchangibly
• maintaining task relevant information and rules active for stimulus response mapping (= more compelx task = more active)

Question 9

FEF

Answer 9

• motor goal representation
• object selection (= what how)
• area 8
• posterior PFC
• decision-making processes (drift-diffusion models)
• neurons discriminate betweeen current and past target

Question 10

SMA

Answer 10

• Supplementary motor area
• action selection “How”
• self-generated (= initiated) movements
  contributions to automatic inhibition of primed actions
• ## final decision on action selection

Question 11

Pre-SMA

Answer 11

• framing effect
• active in error trials independently of feedback
• final decision of action selection

Question 12

PMd/ M1

Answer 12

• movement specification “how”
• dorso-dorsal stream (= grasp)
• lesion -> optic ataxia (= misreading visual targets)

Question 13

PMv

Answer 13

• ventro-dorsal stream “use”
• lesion -> ideomotor apraxia
• ?? more abstract plan

Question 14

LIP

Answer 14

• lateral intraparietal area
• observation of environment

Question 15

MIP

Answer 15

• medial intraparietal area
• manual movement -> observation of the environment

Question 16

SEF

Answer 16

• supplementary eye field
• effector-specific stimulus response representations (= Sumner) -> also SMA
• flexible volitional behaviour
• suppressing unconsciously triggered movement plans
• inhibition of eye movements

Question 17

mFC

Answer 17

• Information about internal states

Question 18

OFC

Answer 18

• Association learning
• stimulus-value learning (Camille)
• goal-oriented decision-making (Camille)
• value representation + object selection (Lee) -> deciding on preferences, based on value
• sensory-specific satiety effects

Question 19

lOFC

Answer 19

• value assignment (Rushworth)

Question 20

mOFC

Answer 20

• representation of expected rewards (o´Doherty)
• value comparison (Rushworth)

Question 21

IFJ

Answer 21

• inferior frontal junction
• attention-biased prception by neural synchrony with posterior regions (= Xu)
• coupled with attention system (dorsal/ventral)
• ability to be coupled with different posterior mechanisms to bias perception (FFA/ PPA)

Question 22

PPA

Answer 22

• parahippocampal place area
• location of sensory signals (of things = couch)
• connected to IFJ

Question 23

FFA

Answer 23

• fusiform face area
• location of sensory signals (of faces)
• connected to IFJ

Question 24

Striatum

Answer 24

• received inpuit from cortex + thalamus
• projects to SNr/ GPi

Question 25

GPi

Answer 25

- major output nucleus

Question 26

GPe

Answer 26

- Part of intrinsic circuitry

Question 27

VMS

Answer 27

- drug reinforcement - motivational addiction

Question 28

DLS

Answer 28

- efficiency of drug taking - behavioural addiction

Question 29

SNr

Answer 29

- major output nucleus of basal ganglia - GABA

Question 29

VS

Answer 29

- nucleus accumbens --> NA - active in no error trial in feedback

Question 30

SNc

Answer 30

- dopaminergic cells project to striatum

Question 31

VTA

Answer 31

- dopaminergic projection to striatum - origin of dopamine together with SNc

Question 32

STN

Answer 32

- projects to SNr/ GPi - Glutamate

Question 33

CC

Answer 33

- cingulate cortex

Question 34

ACC

Answer 34

- value representation (Lee) -> role in action selection about uncertainty - evaluating outcomes codes for costs and benefits (Rushworth) - Emotional value comparison (Rushworth)

Question 35

dACC

Answer 35

- action-value learning (Camille) -> goal-oriented decision-making

Question 36

PCC

Answer 36

- memory node of default mode network

Question 37

aMCC

Answer 37

- framing effect - updating stored outcme representation during feedback phase

Question 37

mCC

Answer 37

- motor selection function - performance monitoring - lesion leads to failure to correct behaviour - only active for errors with feedback

Question 38

rCMA

Answer 38

- rostral cingulate motior area - includes habenular complex ( I THINK) - ERN generation through disinhibition - activity in errors with negative feedback, but not to errors without feedback

Question 39

Habenular

Answer 39

- activity when error is made + negative feeback - determining error in reward prediction

Question 40

Amygdala

Answer 40

- goal-directed decision making - emotional reward learning - not essential for reward learning (= gives an emotional aspect) - both: negative + positive affect

Question 41

Insula

Answer 41

- cognitive control

Question 42

IT/ PH

Answer 42

- inferior temporal cortex - perirhinal cortex - left node in Murray´s Model - responses guided by visual information - „gets attention from Amygdala“ - „sends visual aspects to OFC“