Studies

Question 1

Binkofsky

Answer 1

• grasp vs. use
• RT for conflict vs. no conflict objects
• RESULTS: use -> grasp = slower for conflict objects
• grasp (fast)|use (slower) = lasts longer (produces interference effect in grasp system)
• grasp = dorso-dorsal|use = ventro-dorsal

Question 2

Sumner

Answer 2

• voluntary control of movement via automatic inhibition
• lesion patients: prime -> mask -> target
• controls are slower in compatible, than incompatible primes (= Negative compatibility effect)
• lesion patients respond faster for compatible primes (= positive compatibility effect / facilitatory priming)
• SMA: inhibition of manual movement
• SEF: inhibition of eye movememt

Question 3

Passingham

Answer 3

• self-generated movements in SMA (= MFC)
• fMRI: self-generated/ externally triggered action tasks
• incrased activation of (Pre)SMA during self-generated movement + evaluation of movement
• MFC is involved in generation of self-initiated actions + evaluation / monitoring the action outcomes

Question 4

Xu

Answer 4

• FFA (faces) - PPA (houses)
• fMRI: sequential images of faces/ houses + overlapping in the spatial location -> attending either faces or houses
• IFJ = equally responses to faces / houses -> coupled with top-down (d) + bottom-up (v) control
• IFJ participates in attention-based perception by neural snychrony with PPA/FFA

Question 5

Cools

Answer 5

• Cognitive set flexibility in PD
• Task-set switching paradigm (letter-naming / digit-naming) | conditions: cross-talk / no-cross talk
• PD patients show same RT on no-cross task + increased RT in cross talk (= switch cost)
• cross-talk: inhibition of competing information was necessary -> striatum is responsible for task switching (affected by dopamine changes in PD)
• deficit in externally guided set shifting (= failure of cognitive control -> disturbed interaction between FC + striatum)

Question 6

Lee (Experiment 1)

Answer 6

• cortico-striatal circuits and decision making (+ rodent models)
• value-based probabilistic switching task (mice step on ports w/ changing reward contingencies) : stimulation of D1/D2
• D1 (+) stimulation = contralateral bias
• D2 (-) stimulation = ipsilateral bias
• Ballot box metaphor is correct: D1 activation leads to moer votes for the contralateral action (= biasing) | D2 stimulation biases ipsilaterally (stimulation is integrated into existing activity)
• indirect pathway medium spiney neurons promote ipsilateral choices

Question 7

Lee - experiment 2

Answer 7

• cortico-striatal circuits ande decision making (+ rodent models)
• added: auditory cue
• stimulation of A1 (primary auditory C) induced behavioural bias that was predicted by the preferred frequency of the stimulated neurons (+ inactivation = anti bias)
• Ballot box metaphor is correct: D1 activation leads to moer votes for the contralateral action (= biasing) | D2 stimulation biases ipsilaterally (stimulation is integrated into existing activity)
• indirect pathway medium spiney neurons promote ipsilateral choices

Question 8

Willuhn

Answer 8

• Cocaine rats (phasic dopamine + addiction)
• rats were trained to self-administer cocaine (3-week study) -> infusion + presentation of light/ tone
• 1st week: drug-cue induced phasic D increase in VMS
• 2nd/3rd week: phasic D signaling in DLS started (not present in week 1)
• phasic D release emerged progressively -> early VMS activation decreased
• Motivational addiction = VMS (limbic circuitry) replaced by behavioural addiction = DLS (regulates efficiency + automaticity) (sensorimotor circuitry

Question 9

O´Doherty

Answer 9

• sensory specific satiety
• measures BOLD signal (on/off block design) to the odor of Banana & Vanilla + participants then ate banana (to satiety) and fMRI was conducted, to investiage the response to both
• consistent activation in OFC -> Activity decreased to the odor of the B, but not B
• odor B = less PFC activation (when satied by B, compare to hungry) -> decrease in reward value
• BOLD didnt decrease for V = not related to general olfactory habituation (if it was: vanilla would have to show decrease as well)
• sensory-specific satiety effects shown in OFC (reward value decresases)

Question 10

Camille

Answer 10

• stimulus + action value double dissociation
• Patients had lesions in either OFC or dACC compared to controls | stimulus value task (choosing between two decks of cards) vs. action value task (chosing between two possible movements)
• OFC damage: more likely to shift away from choice after a win for stimulus value task (not action) + problem,s with associating new stimulus to old reward -> error during learning
• dACC damage: opposite of OFC (with action value task)
• OFC -> stimulus-value learning | dACC (MCC) -> action-value learning

Question 11

Ulsperger

Answer 11

• error monitoring with external feedback
• fMRI: DAMP task (two balls move same direction, at different speeds + different starting points) and participants decide which ball crosses finish line first -> feedback (+/-/0)
• +feedback (primary reward) = VS / NA activity -> phasic dopamine release
• -feedback = habenular -> inhibits phasic dopamine
• 0feedback = lower habenular activity for errors, signals -> higher response conflict + lower reward expectancy (positive error in reward prediction on correct trials)
• reward -> VS ( | nonoccurence of reward (rCMA) -> Error detection (ERN)

Question 12

DeMartino

Answer 12

• loss aversion/framing effect (+ confirms Murrey)
• fMRI: financial decision making task -> loss frame: amount of money lost / gain frame: amount of money retained
• loss frame = risk-seeking | gain frame = risk aversion (high amygdala)
• framing effect = choices are sensitive to the way options are presented
• OMPFC = incorporates affective and cognitive information
• ACC =detecs conflict between analytic response tendencies and emotional tendencies
• Amygdala = risk aversion (in line with frame effect)
• high OFC/ vmPFC = more rational

Question 13

Hampton

Answer 13

• reversal learning + reward expectancy
• BOLD response: 2 subjects with bilateral amygdala lesions -> 2 tasks: Probabilistic (choosing between 2 stimulus = correct: reward 70/30| incorrect: reward 40/60 -> contingencies change) vs. Deterministic (choosing between 2 stimuli = correct: reward 100/0 | incorrect: reward 0/100)
• SM (entire amygdala damaged) -> P: more likely to switch choice | D: more likely to switch after reward
• AP (each amygdala 50% damaged) -> P: more likely to switch after reward | D: more likely to switch after reward
• Control -> greater anterior Insula + lOFC activity
• Bilateral amygdala damage alters responses in anterior insula/ plOFC (behavioural choices)
• ACC activity after negative feedback (probably induces switch)

Question 14

Krauzils

Answer 14

• neurons necessary for sensory processing in tasks
• monkey trained to perform a visual discrimination task -> lesions: superior colliculus (SC)
• attention deficits in monkeys -> correlates with activity in SC
• suppressed SC activity = enhanced attentional modulation of sensory neurons (usually from Striatum)
• attentional impairment is Not solely driven by cortical dysfunction