Brainstem Flashcards by Iseoluwa Ojo

Brainstem is located in the_____ cranial fossa.

-Its ventral surface lies on the____.

posterior

clivus

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Posteriorly, the pons and medulla are separated from the cerebellum by the______

cavity of the fourth ventricle

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MID BRAIN
-It is about____ cm long and____ cm wide
-connects the ____brain with the ___brain. -Its cavity,_____ (aka _____) connects
the___ ventricle with the—— ventricle. -

2.5; 2.5

hind; fore

the cerebral aqueduct; aqueduct of Sylvius

third; fourth

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The midbrain passes through the ____notch.

tentorial

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Midbrain is related on each side to the____ tract,_____ gyrus, ____artery, and___ vein

anteriorly to the____ structures, viz.____,___, etc
posteriorly to the____,____ vein,____ body and posterior ends of____ and _____

optic

parahippocampal

posterior cerebral

basal

interpeduncular; mammillary bodies; tuber cinereum

splenium of corpus callosum; great cerebral; pineal; right and left thalami

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transverse section at the point of the inferior colliculus

-the anteriormost structure is the ____and the posteriormost is the____

crus cerebri ; inferior colliculus

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crus cerebri has 3 sections: the section for the____ nuclei,_____ nuclei, and the_____ nuclei

frontopontine

corticospinal/nuclear

temporal/occipital/parietal pontine

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region between crus cerebri and inferior colliculus is called the____

tegmentum

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transverse section at the point of the inferior colliculus

in the tegmentum region, right behind the crus cerebri,we have the____ .

substantial nigra

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Substantial nigra has 2 parts: Pars____(the dark ____neurons)and pars____ (the lighter_____ neurons)

compacta; dopaminergic

reticularis; gabanergic

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The pars compacta of the substantial nigra contains melanin

T/F

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transverse section at the point of the inferior colliculus

behind the substantial nigra are some ascending tracts on the lateral walls eg is the_____, then behind that is the_____(taking sensations from the___), then the_____, and finally the_____ (___pathways)

medial lemniscus(DCML)

trigeminal lemniscus; face

spinal lemniscus

lateral lemniscus; auditory

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transverse section at the point of the inferior colliculus

now, the central stuffs. From back to front;
——for NE,____ for serotonin ,and___ nucleus of____, all at the 2 sides of the____ that is surrounded by the ____matter

Locus coreulus

ralphe nucleus

mesemcephalic; CN5

cerebral aqueduct

periaqudectual gray

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transverse section at the point of the inferior colliculus

just anterior to the cerebral aqueduct is the _____connecting CN-,-,-
-anterior to it is the___ fibers and anterior to that is____ fibers and finally anterior to that we have the____ of the____ fibers from the cerebellum to the____ or ____ and finally to the____

medial longitudinal fasciculus

346

tectospinal

rubrospinal

decussation; superior cerebellar peduncles; red nucleus or thalamus; cortex

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crus cerebri+ tegmentum =______

cerebral peduncle

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transverse section at the point of the inferior colliculus

CN4 comes out of the mid Brain in the region of the____
-nuclei of CN—- ,—-, and —— come from the midbrain

3,4, and mesencephalic nuclei of 5

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the base of the mid brain(aka ____): contains the FALX___;

basis pedunculi

cerebri

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reticular formation can be seen in the midbrain

T/F

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transverse section at the point of the superior colliculus

Presence or absence of lateral lemniscus at this level

Absence

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transverse section at the point of the superior colliculus

now from the front to the back:___ nucleus immediately behind the crus cerebri (middle portion of tegmentum), it decussates___ (______decussation) to later form the___ fibers;
then behind that we have the ____decussation that originated from the____ and goes___ after decussation to form the____ fibers

red

anteriorly

ventral tegmental

rubrospinal

dorsal tegmental ; superior colliculus; down; tectospinal

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transverse section at the point of the superior colliculus

occulomotor nerves pass this region but only supply____ neuron to____ muscles (GSE)

____nucleus is also found associated with the occulomotor nerve but this innervates___ structures like___ muscles, etc; GVE
we also have the pretectal nuclei. Stimulated by___ nerves, and then provides bilateral stimulation to the____ nucleus that goes to innervate the_____

motor; skeletal

edinger westphal; visceral; smooth

optic; edinger westphal

ciliary body

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Edinger westphal nucleus

Sympathetic or parasympathetic

they are parasympathetic

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red nucleus contains blood vessels

T/F

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-fiber connection between the____ and_____ is called the brachium of IC

inferior colliculus; medial geniculate nucleus

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nigrostriatal pathway is between____ and_____

SN lentiform nucleus

cerebellorubro fibers go from the ____i to the____ through the____ and from that to the____ then___. OR straight from the ____i to the____ then ____

deep cerebellar nucle red nucleus superior cerebellar peduncle thalamus cortex deep nucle thalamus then cortex

descending fibers form the red nucleus can go to the___ in the medulla and then through the____ peduncle back to the___

inferior olives inferior cerebrally cerebellum

connection from the___,___, and____ is called brachium of SC

frontal eye field retina visual cortex

PONS - Pons is about__ cm long and forms the___ half of the____ of the___ ventricle - the median plane, it presents a vertical groove, the____ groove, which lodges the___ artery. - The trigeminal nerve is attached to this surface by two roots: a_____ and _____ root

2.5; upper; floor; fourth basilar; basilar small motor and a large sensory

The motor root of CN5 and the sensory root of CN5 Which lies lateral to which

Sensory lies lateral to motor

The superior cerebellar arteries curve along the____ border of pons , intervening between the____ and ____ nerves.

superior oculomotor and trochlear

The anterior inferior cerebellar arteries curve round the____ border of pons

inferior

Transverse section of pons At the level of the motor nuclei of the trigeminal nerve - from___ body to the front is the___ portion of the pons - from____ body backwards is the____ region of the pons

trapezoid; basillar Trapezoid; tegmentum

Transverse section of pons At the level of the motor nuclei of the trigeminal nerve pontine nuclei in the_____ portion of the pons receive descending motor fibers from the___ and send_____ fibers to the ___lateral ___ through the ____lateral ——-

basillar; cortex pontocerebellar contra; cerebellum contra; middle cerebellar peduncle

Transverse section of pons At the level of the motor nuclei of the trigeminal nerve now in the tegmentum region , we have some fibers arranged from medial to lateral as : ______, _____,____,_____

medial lemniscus;trigeminal lemniscus; spinal lemniscus; lateral lemniscus

Transverse section of pons At the level of the motor nuclei of the trigeminal nerve behind the lateral lemniscus is the____ tract that comes through the medulla, pons, and even to mid Brain then leaves to enter____ through the_____ -in the middle of the tegmentum region, from front to back, we have the____ tract,____ tract, and the______

ventral spinocerebellar; cerebellum superior cerebellar peduncles rubrospinal; tectospinal; medial longitudinal fasciculus

Transverse section of pons At the level of the motor nuclei of the trigeminal nerve then we have the___ nucleus and principal___ nucleus of the trigeminal nerve in the___ region of the pons too - apparently____ ventricle dey here o - the posterior boundary of the pons at this level is called the_____ - there’s a little portion of the___ cerebellar peduncle at the_____ region of the pons

motor; sensory; tegmentum fourth superior medullary velum superior posterolateral

velum: thin layers that form—- part of cerebellum and___ of 4th ventricle ;we have____ and ____ velum

anterior; roof superior medullary and inferior medullary

in the midline of pons ,is the___ sulcus and lying on that is an artery that gives ____arteries and goes to____.

pontine short pontine supply the brain

Transverse section of pons At the level of the facial and abducens nerve -lateral lemniscus formed or not,

Not

Transverse section of pons At the level of the facial and abducens nerve - ___nucleus of CN5 starts here and goes___ - various nucleus of CN7 , send axons that wrap around the____ nucleus

spinal; down abducens

trigeminal lemniscus starts at what point and goes in what direction

Pons.. level of facial and abducens nerve Goes up

Which parts of the vestibular nucleus cant be found in pons, can’t be found in the pons and where can it be found

superior, medial, and lateral parts of the vestibular nucleus complex can be found here but not the inferior bit that is in the medulla

Transverse section of pons At the level of the facial and abducens nerve vestibular nucleus complex sends fibers through the inferior cerebral peduncle to the______ . ; -there is___ and ____ cochlear nuclei in this region and they are separated by a tiny piece of the_____

vestigial nucleus in the cerebellum dorsal and ventral inferior cerebellar peduncle

How is medial longitudinal fasciculus formed

Vestibular nucleus complex can stimulate the contralateral CN6 that further stimulates CN 3 and 4 to form the medial longitudinal fasciculus

superior olivary nucleus is found where???

Pons. Level of facial nerve and abducens nerve

facial colliculus is a little depression in the _____formed by the_____

fourth ventricle turning of the facial fibers over the abducens nucleus

Which cranial nerves are found at the pons

CN 6,7,8 and part of 5

Which lemnisci is found in the upper part of pons and which is found in the lower

Upper -4 lemnisci: medial, trigeminal, spinal and lateral Lower-2 lemnisci: medial and spinal

Presence of trapezoid body and nucleus in the upper and lower part of pons T/F

F. | It’s absent in the upper part

Blood Supply of the Pons The pons is supplied by the following arteries: • Numerous (pontine) branches from the____ artery. •______ artery.

basilar Anterior inferior cerebellar

MEDULLA - The medulla is shaped like a______(___-like) - Medulla oblongata measures about___ cm in length,__ cm in breadth (at the widest part) and___ cm in thickness) . - The medulla contains vital centres which are essential for life. These are: (a)___ centre, (b)____ centre, and (c)_____ centre.

truncated cone ; bulb 3; 2; 1.25 cardiac; vasomotor; respiratory

Medulla provides attachment to ___cranial nerves. | -central canal of medulla widens___ and move___ to form___ part of___ ventricle

last four above dorsally lower 4th

External Features - divided into right and left symmetrical halves by_____ and_____ - anterolateral sulcus between ____ and ____= CN_____ - posterolateral sulcus between _____ and ______=CN________

anterior median fissure posterior median sulcus pyramid and olives; 12 olives and inferior cerebellar peduncle; 9,10,11

Pyramids of the medulla - produced by the____ fibres. - Most of these fibres about (—%) cross to the opposite side (___decussation) in the___ part of medulla and then descend as____ corticospinal tract in the____ of the spinal cord. - About___% of uncrossed fibres run downwards as____ corticospinal tract in the___ of the spinal cord - the remaining —% run downwards along with uncrossed fibres in the____ of the spinal cord

corticospinal (pyramidal) 75; pyramidal; lower; lateral; lateral white column 20; anterior; anterior white column 5; lateral white column

Olives. - These are —-shaped elevations,located ____ to the pyramids - are produced by an underlying mass of__ matter called_____

oval posterolateral grey inferior olivary nucleus

Posterior features of medulla Closed part From medial to lateral these are:_____,_____,_____.

fasciculus gracilis, fasciculus cuneatus, and inferior cerebellar peduncle

Posterior features of medulla Closed part The upper ends of the fasciculus gracilis and fasciculus cuneatus expand to form the ____ and _____respectively due to____ of the same name.

gracile and cuneate tubercles underlying nuclei

Posterior features of medulla Closed part Another elevation present lateral to cuneate tubercle, is the _____ and is produced by the ____nucleus of___ nerve.

Tuber cinerum spinal ; trigeminal

Posterior features of medulla Open part The open part of the medulla forms the___ part of the___ of____ ventricle

lower floor fourth

List some features of open part of posterior medulla ``` ______ ____ ______ ______ ______ ______ ```

``` median sulcus hypoglossal tiangle vagal triangles vestibular areas area postrema stria medullaris, etc. ```

``` The medulla is supplied by the following arteries: • ______arteries. • ___ and ____arteries. • _____ and ______arteries. •____ artery. ```

Two vertebral Anterior and posterior spinal Anterior and posterior inferior cerebellar Basilar

Function of Olivary nuclei

Relay information associated with voluntary muscle movement to the cerebellum

The bulbar paralysis is characterised by the paralysis of muscles supplied by____ nerves arising from the____.

last four cranial medulla

The ridge covering the anterior and lateral aspect of pons is composed of longitudinal bundles T/F

Pons receives efferent fibers from the Dentate nucleus | T/F

The fibers of the crus cerebri split up into longitudinal bundles of the pons T/F

A section of the midbrain at level of superior colliculus will show Trochlear nerve nucleus Corticospinal tract Medial longitudinal bundle T/F

F T T

Lesion at tegmentum of midbrain is called ___ syndrome Causes: Flaccid paralysis of eye on same side Cerebellar ataxia Red nucleus rigidity T/F

Benedikt F T T

The ridge covering the anterior and lateral aspect of pons is composed of longitudinal bundles T/F

Pons receives efferent fibers from the Dentate nucleus | T/F

The fibers of the crus cerebri split up into longitudinal bundles of the pons T/F

Brainstem Flashcards

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