Building Systems & Construction Flashcards

Question

What are hinges?

Answer 1

Consists of: - 1 leaf with odd number of knuckles - 1 lead with even number of knuckles - knuckles are attached with a pin to form a hinge barrel and finished with a tip

Answer 2

**Ball bearing hinges**: have two ball bearings in the knuckles of the hinges. these balls assisted in hinge movement, typically used for heavy duty doors **standard plain bearing hinges** have no ball bearings, used for lightweight doors

Answer 3

1. Flat button 2. Hospital 3. Oval head 4. Flush 5. Ball 6. Steeple ADD PIC 11-16

Answer 4

Up to 60"= 2 hinges (one pair) 60” - 90” = 3 hinges (one and a half pair) 90” - 120” = 4 hinges (two pair)

Answer 5

Devices to operate a door, hold it in the closed position, and lock it. The most common types are: 1. cylindrical lock 2. mortise lock 3 3. preassemble lock ADD PIC PG. 11-17

Answer 6

In replacement of door hinges, a pivot is installed on the floor either centered or offset with a corresponding pivot installed on the head frame. An alternate way to hang a door when the appearance of hinges are not wanted or a frameless door design is intended.

Answer 7

Closers are devices that automatically return door to it's closed position.

Answer 8

A push bar extending across the door width that operates vertical rods that disengage latches

Answer 9

A vertical member used between double doors to seal the opening

Answer 10

A transition between floor materials at a door line

Answer 11

1. **Float glass** - sheet of uniform thickness and very flat surfaces. 2. **Tempered glass** - special heat treatment to float glass to become 4x stronger 3. **Laminated glass** - layers of glass bonded with an inter layer of polyvinyl butyral. 4. **Wire glass** - glass with metal mesh embedded 5. **Pattern glass** - pressed with pattern at molten state 6. **Fire-rated glass** 7. **Electrochromic glass** - changes from opaque to transparent with an electric current

Answer 12

25% of the wall length.

Answer 13

Tempered glass and laminated glass

Answer 14

3/4 - 45 min door is used in a 1 hour rated wall

Answer 15

Shed, gable, hip, gambrel ADD PIC PG. 12-15

Answer 16

Structural beam of steel which cross section resembles letter H , it is wider than an I beam

Answer 17

A wood member used to support a header in a floor or roof opening PIC PG 12-12

Answer 18

A horizontal wood member that serves as the base for studs in a partition

Answer 19

Plywood or particle board covering placed over an exterior studding or rafters of a building that provides strength and a base for cladding

Answer 20

Light - gauge sheets of metal that are ribbed for use in constructing a floor or roof

Answer 21

A machine used to cut a small opening in a concrete floor for conduits or electrical

Answer 22

The pitch is the **rise of the slope after a 12" run**. I.e a roof with a pitch of 5/12 has a rise of 5” vertically for every 12” of horizontal projection

Answer 23

Cricket is a saddle shaped projection on a sloping roof used to divert water around an obstacle, like a chimney ADD PIC PG. 12-15

Answer 24

1. Header /lintel at top of the opening which acts as a beam to carry the load, 2. double studs are framed on each side of the opening ADD PIC PG. 12-12

Answer 25

- Foundation wall with a sil plate on top. - Joist and joist header sit on top of the sill plate. - Rough flooring underlayment is placed on top the joists. - Framed wall is built on top of the flooring underlayment ADD PIC PG. 12-11

Answer 26

1. **Flat ribbed** typical metal decking 2. **Cellular** normal metal decking that has a flat piece of steel welded to the bottom of the panel, typically for acoustical floors 3. **Long span** have a deep profile for greater strength and thus allow for larger support spacing 4. **Composite** - strong but lightweight metal floor deck. It is designed to provide extra strength for flooring systems without adding extra weight. ADD PIC 12-11

Answer 27

'Slip joints are added to partitions that are attached to the structural system to allow the building to move slightly without putting pressure on the partitions

Answer 28

**Gravity:** live loads and dead loads **Lateral loads:** wind loads and earthquake loads **Dynamic loads:** when a force is applied suddenly, such as cars moving in parking garage or helicopter landing on a roof

Answer 29

- Live loads are the weight of items occupying a structure like people and furniture - Dead loads are the weight of the structure itself and any permanent equipment

Answer 30

Concrete block - manufactured with cement, water, and various types of aggregate, also referred to as concrete masonry units (CMUs)

Answer 31

Load bearing walls

Answer 32

1. single tee 2. Double tee 3. Hollow-core slab ADD PIC 12-5

Answer 33

1. **Beam-and-grinder:** slab is supported by intermediate beams which are supported by larger grinders 2. **One-way pan joists:** concrete members spaced 24” - 36” apart running in same direction and framed into larger beams 3. **Flat plate:** floor slab designed and reinforced to transfer load directly to the columns 4. **Flat slab:** similar to flat plate except that drop panels are used to increase strength 5. **Waffle slab:** can support heavier loads at longer spans ADD PIC PG. 12-4

Answer 34

**Cast-in-place concrete:**concrete is poured into forms where it hardens before forms are removed. **Precast concrete:** components are formed in a plant and shipped to the job site, where they are set in place and connected to the structure

Answer 35

One story buildings or low rise buildings with side column spacing

Answer 36

Since beam and grinder systems usually have limited space between bottom of grinder and suspended ceiling, adding new mechanical can be difficult, but a open web joist system have **open webs which can run mechanical through them.**

Answer 37

**Beam-and-grinder system:** grinders span between columns, and smaller beams are framed into them - The grinders span shorter distances because they carry the weight of the beams (8-10ft), the beams span longer (25-40ft) **open-web steel joist system:** joist span between beams or bearing walls 2-6ft on centre , depths of joist range between 8" -72" ADD PIC PG. 12-3

Answer 38

2R + T = 25in R = riser T = tread

Answer 39

1. **Plywood** - odd number of thin veneer glued together under heat and pressure 2. **Particle board** - composed of small wood particles, fibres, or chips mixed together in a binder and formed under pressure 3. **Medium-density fibreboard - MDF**, wood particles reduced to fibres in a moderate-pressure steam vessel and then combines with a resin and bonded together with heat and pressure 4. **Medium-density overlay** - plywood with a thin smooth veneer suitable for painting

Answer 40

Finish carpentry is exposed wood construction assembled at a jobsite by finish carpenters (install of doors, windows, trims, mouldings, etc.) used for residential and commercial jobs where the is little amount of wood work. This is not as good quality of work as architectural wood work

Answer 41

The electrochemical process that occurs when **dissimilar metals are touching/connected in the presence of an electrolyte, such as water, resulting in corrosion of one of the metals**. The farther apart metals on the galvanic series list, the greater possibility of galvanic action ADD PIC PG. 11-33

Answer 42

Copper alloy

Answer 43

Stainless steel is an **alloy containing 12% of chromium or more** can be **sublimated with additional elements** like nickel, manganese smolydenum **to impart certain qualities** The two most common types are **304 (chromium nickel)** and **430 (straight chromium)**

Answer 44

Suspended ceiling system designed to accommodate ceiling tile, lighting, supply & return grilles, fire sprinklers, and partition attachment. These ceiling systems are used when these components are intended to be changed frequently

Answer 45

When the ceiling is apart of a complete floor-ceiling assembly that is rated, the ceiling system in itself can not be rated

Answer 46

1. **Lay-in exposed grid** - panels are laid on top of an exposed T shape grid 2. **Lay-in tegular** - similar to system 1 expect tiles are rabbited 3. **Concealed spline** - grid is not visible ADD PIC PG. 11-26

Answer 47

- 1 1/2" steel channels placed 4' -0" on centre and suspended from floor structure above - metal furring channels are attached to the main runners either 16" or 24" on centre - wall board screwed to the furring channels ADD PIC PG. 11-25

Answer 48

By the medium they use to heat or cool - The two primary methods are air and water

Answer 49

**All- air systems:** cool or heat a space by **conditioned air transported to the space with supply and return air ducts** **All-water systems:** use some type of **coil unit** called a convector in each space through **which hot l water is circulated.** The hot water heats the fins of the coil unit which heats the air as it is drawn over from the fins.

Answer 50

Residential - walls and floor joists Commercial - the plenum and chases

Answer 51

An enclosed vertical space used only to accommodate ducts or pipes, it will run continuously through floors on multistory buildings

Answer 52

Large ducts leave little room for recessed lighting

Answer 53

Mixing box located in the plenum **adjusts the quantity or temperature of air going into a space** from the main air supply line; reduces velocity of air and attenuates noise

Answer 54

HVAC system that **supplies air at varying levels or amounts at a constant temperature**

Answer 55

1. building structure (Uppermost level) 2. Ducts, mixing boxes, other hvac approx sixe of large rest duct under largest structural element 3. Sprinkler and plumbing approx 4”-6” 4. Recessed lighting (lowest level) approx 9”-12”

Answer 56

48" above finished floor

Answer 57

- 1 1/2” min between window header and top of window treatment - 1 1/2” min between window ledge and bottom of window treatment - 2” min between glass and window treatment - 1 1/2” min between wall and window treatment ADD PIC PG. 13-6

Answer 58

1. **In-lay diffuser** ( inserted into suspended ceiling system) 2. **Residential / gypsum air diffuser** (uses trim flange that snaps onto diffuser and cover ceiling cut out 3. **Slot diffuser** (used when space is limited or appearance wants to be minimized ADD PIC PG. 13-8

Answer 59

With single lines

Answer 60

Steel or approved plastic box to which the conduit or cable system is attached

Answer 61

Special power **outlets placed on their own circuit to prevent various types of electrical interference** from sensitive electrical equipment

Answer 62

1. **Grounding:** a **separate wire** in addition to the two that provide power which **prevents a dangerous shock** if someone touches an appliance with a short circuit and a ground path at the sense time. 2. **Ground fault circuit interrupters (GFCI’s or GFI’s)** : devices that **detect small current leaks and disconnect the power** to circut or appliance. 3. **Arc-fault circuit interrupter(AFCI)** :device that provides protection from the effects of arch faults by **recognizing characteristics unique to arcing and functioning to de-engegize the circuit when this fault is detected**

Answer 63

1. **water supply:** cold and hot water supplied under pressure to individual plumbing fixtures 2. **Drainage:** sloped drain pipes which carry away waste through gravity. Comprised of vents, traps, stacks

Answer 64

1. **Trap:** located at every fixture, **catch and hold water to provide a seal** that prevents gases from the sewage system from entering the building 2. **Vent**: pipes connected to the drainage **system open to outside air** allowing **built-up sewage gases to escape and allow the pressure in the system to equalize** 3. **Soil /waste stacks:** *soil stack* carries *human waste* *waste stack* carries *all other waste.*

Answer 65

Usually at a structural column where hot water, cold water, and drainage risers are located for tenants to easily tap into.

Answer 66

- Preventing fires - early fire detection and alarm - providing quick exiting - containing fire - suppressing the fire

Answer 67

**Contain a fire and limit it's spread** both to allow occupants to escape and protect other parts of the building that are not initially subject to the fire.

Answer 68

Devices such as fire dampers, gaskets on fire doors, automatic closing fire doors seal opening in fire walls.

Answer 69

1. **Ionization detector** -responds to products of combustion-ionized particles 2. **Photoelectric detector** - responds to smoke 3. **Rise-of-tempeature detector**- senses presence of heat 4. **Flame detector**- responds to infrared or ultraviolet radiation given off by flames

Answer 70

They do not give early warning signs of soldering fires/smoke

Answer 71

- **Recessed:** have a smooth cover that Falls away when fire is detected - **upright:** used with exposed plumbing in an unfinished ceiling - **pendant:** traditional type for finished ceilings, head extends few inches below ceiling - **side wall:** used in corridors and small rooms

Answer 72

NFPA 13 - Standard for the installation of sprinkler systems

Answer 73

Light, ordinary, and extra hazard

Answer 74

Pipes that run the height of a building and provide water outlets at each floor to which fire fighting noses can be connected.

Answer 75

**Type A:** for ordinary combustion, **contain water** **Type B:** for flammable liquids, **contain smothering chemicals** **Type C:** for electric equipment, **contain con-conductive agents** **Type D:** for combustible **metals**,

Answer 76

A **gas that chemically inhibits the spread of fire**, Used for fire extinguishing where water might damage the contents of a room. Bad for environment

Answer 77

1. **Perimeter protection**-secures the entry points to a space or building 2. **Area or room protection** - devices sense when someone is in a room 3. **Object protection** - devices sense movement with individual objects

Answer 78

Magnetic contacts, glass break detection, window screens

Answer 79

The **interception of sound and electromagnetic signals** with remote sensing devices **special rooms are required that have electromagnetic or radio frequency shielding**

Answer 80

- Key types that are difficult to duplicate - special tumbler mechanisms - long throw deadbolts

Answer 81

Electronic locks selectively control access better and can monitor who enters/exits and record date and time

Answer 82

Devices the read biological features like retinas or fingerprints to give access to a space

Answer 83

1- **velocity:** depends on the medium in which the sound is traveling and the temperature of the medium 2 - **frequently:** the number of cycles completed per second and is measured in hertz Hz (higher the frequency, the higher the pitch) 3 - **power:** the quality of acoustic energy as measured in watts

Answer 84

5 levels ADD PIC PG. 14-3

Answer 85

**Transmission loss** takes into account only the loss through the partition **noise reduction** is dependent not only on the transmission loss but also on the area of the partition separating the two spaces and the absorption of the surfaces in the room not making noise

Answer 86

**Sound transmission class:** used to rate the transmission loss of construction. The higher the rating, the better the barrier is in stopping sound ADD PIC PG 14-3

Answer 87

To specify the maximum **amount of continuous back ground noise allowable** in the space ADD PIC PG 14-4

Answer 88

Coefficient **below 0.2 is reflective** Coefficient **above 0.2 is absorbing** The coefficients are listed in manufactures technical literature.

Answer 89

**Noise reduction coefficient** - the average of a materials absorption coefficient at four frequencies (250, 500,1000,2000 Hz)

Answer 90

Because the materials coefficient of absorption varies with the frequency of sound, some materials aborsb some frequencies better than other, the NRC finds the average

Answer 91

SAA - **sound absorption average**. Similar to NRC , but the SAA is the **average absorption coefficient for the 12 one-third-octave bands from 200Hz to 2500Hz**

Answer 92

Minimum 0.2 - anything above 0.5 is undesirable

Answer 93

The sum of all the various individual material absorptions in the room

Answer 94

The prolongation of sound as it is repeatedly bounces of hard surfaces

Answer 95

1. Reduce sound level at the source (not always possible) 2. Modify the spaces sound absorption 3. Introducing background sounds to mask the unwanted sound

Answer 96

1. Double layer wall board (one or both sides) 2. Insulation in stud cavity (absorbs more sounds as it travels from one layer to the next) 3. Resilient channels ADD PIC PG. 14-7

Answer 97

Providing a certain level of back ground sound to allow people to speak at a normal level and not understood by everyone in the space. This is often required in open office plans

Answer 98

- highly absorptive ceilings - sound absorbing space dividers - furniture and fixtures arranged to reduce sound reflection - background sound masking system

Answer 99

**Sound resulting from direct contact of an object with a sound barrier** - generally floors (footfall, shuffled furniture, dropped objects etc.) Quantified by " **impact insulation class" (IIC) number** - The higher the IIC rating, the better the floor performs in reducing impact sounds

Answer 100

SRA is **similar to NRC** but the frequency range **tested is 500, 1000,2000, 4000 Hz (a range that more closely represents the frequencies of speech)**

Answer 101

The unit of luminous intensity approximately equal to the horizontal light output from an ordinary wax candle.

Answer 102

the unit of luminous flux; that is – a measure of the **amount of visible light that the human eye can detect** from a lamp or light source

Answer 103

Describes the measurement of the amount of light falling onto (illuminating) and spreading over a given surface area The density of luminous flux incident on a surface in lumens per unit area

Answer 104

- What tasks are being preformed in the space - the age of the person preforming tasks - reflectances of the room

Answer 105

General lighting to be 1/3 illuminance of task lighting

Answer 106

2.3 w/sqft

Answer 107

Glare, contrast, uniformity, and colour

Answer 108

1. **Direct glare:** when a light source in the field of vision causes discomfort and interference with visual task 2. **Reflected glares:** when a light source is reflected from a viewed surface into the eye

Answer 109

The visual comfort probability (VCP) - the **percentage of people who, when viewing from a specified location and in a specified direction, will find the situation acceptable in terms of discomfort glare**

Answer 110

45° angle from the light source ADD PIC PG. 15-3

Answer 111

Decrease the contrast between task and it's background. "

Answer 112

When a **reflected glare interferes with the viewing of a task.** it is an interaction between light source brightness, the position of the task, the reflectivity of the task, and eye position

Answer 113

The difference in illumination level between one point and nearby points

Answer 114

A) 1:3 B) 1:5 C) 1:10

Answer 115

Incandescent, fluorescent, high-intensity discharge (HID) , light-emitting diodes (LEDs)

Answer 116

**How efficient a light source is at converting electrical energy into Luminous Flux.** It is the ratio of how many lumens are created for a given watt of electrical power consumed. At **100% efficiency 1 watt of electrical power would produce 683 lumens.**

Answer 117

Tungsten filament placed within a sealed bulb containing an inert gas -when electricity is passed through, the filament glows

Answer 118

Advantages: inexpensive, compact, easy to dim, warm colour Disavantages: low efficiency, short life, highheat out put

Answer 119

A combination of **inert gas and low-pressure mercury**, when the lamp is energized- a **mercury arc is formed that creates ultra-violet light**. The **uv light strikes the phosphor-coated bulb** causing fluoresce and **produces visible light.**

Answer 120

**Advantages:** high efficiency, relatively low costs, long life, variety of colour temps **Disadvantages:** difficult to control precisely, expensive to dim,

Answer 121

Produce light by passing an electric current through a gas or vapour under high pressure

Answer 122

A **semi-conductor device that uses soild-state electronics to create light.**

Answer 123

**Advantages:** brightness, long life, low power consumption, no heat, controlled by a digital interface **Disadvantages:** cost more, lower lumen output

Answer 124

- **direct:** provide 90 to 100 percent of the light output on the task - **semi-direct:** provide 60 to 90 percent of the down and 10 to 40 percent of light toward the ceiling - **direct-indirect:** provide equal amounts of light up and down - **indirect:** throw from 90 to 100 percent al all light toward a reflective ceiling - **semi-indirect:** provide 60 to 90 percent of the light toward the ceiling and 10 to 40 percent of light toward the task - **general diffuse** (task ambient): provides a general background illumination level ADD PIC PG. 15-10

Answer 125

- Surface mounted - Recessed - suspended - wall mounted - furniture mounted - freestanding - accessory

Answer 126

A single number rating of their dominant colour based on the temperature in degrees Kelvin - lower the number, wormer the colour -higher the number, cooler the colour ADD PIC PG. 15-12

Answer 127

Measure of energy output at different wavelengths, or colours

Answer 128

CRI is a **measure of how well one light source renders the colour of an object** when compared with the same object lighted with a reference source of similar chromatically whose CRI is 100

Answer 129

1. Determine the function/visual tasks of the space as well as existing conditions 2. Select lamp type based on factors determine in fist step as well as colour rendition and economy costs 3. Select luminaire with technical and aesthetic aspects in consideration 4. Determine quantity and location of the luminaries

Answer 130

A system that **determines the number of luminaries required to provide a given footcandle level** using the efficacy of the lamp (lumen per Watt), the number of lamps in luminaire, the coefficient of utilization of the luminaire, gradual loss of light output over time (lamp lumen depreciation factor), luminaire dirt depreciation factor

Answer 131

The gradual loss of light out put of lamps over time

Answer 132

Conditions under which a luminaire will be used, which affects the amount of dirt collected on the lamps overtime

Answer 133

A **number used in zonal cavity** method that **represents how efficient the luminaire distribute the light from the lamps under various degrees of finish reflectivity** of the floor, walls, and ceiling

Answer 134

2 switches - the 3 in three way switch represents the number of conductors

Answer 135

Reduces energy consumption and benefits occupants physical and psychological well-being.

Answer 136

Dims electric lighting when it is not need due to maximizing day light. This can reduce permeter energy by 50-60%

Answer 137

Unwanted heat gain or loss, glare, imbalanced lighting

Answer 138

A horizontal surface placed above eye level that reflects direct day light onto the ceiling while shading the lower portion ADD PIC PG. 15-18

Answer 139

The daylight factor is defined as **the ratio of horizontal indoor to outdoor illumination by daylight** under continuously overcast sky conditions, expressed as a percentage.

Answer 140

Ordinary: 1.5% difficult: 4%

Answer 141

1. **Building area method:** limits total power used by giving a maximum allowable power in watts per sqft 2. **Space-by-space method** assigns LPDs to common space types 3. **Energy cost budget method:** determines energy cost for specific building design through computer simulation

Answer 142

The maximum allowable power in watts per square foot

Answer 143

1. **Strip flooring:** consists of thin strips varying in lengths with toungue-and-groove edges at 2 1/4” wide 2. **Plank flooring:** same as strip flooring but 4"- 8" wide 3. **Block flooring:** reassembled wood flooring ( I.e. parquet) 4. **End grain blocks:** solid pieces of wood laid on their ends

Answer 144

1. Bamboo (fast growing, not on a tree) 2. palm wood (by-product of plantation grown coconut palms)

Answer 145

1. 3/4" plywood is attached to concrete floor to provide a nailable base with a layer of polyethylene film laid first if moisture is problem 2. 2" x4" wood sleepers attached to concrete floor with wood flooring landed on top, the sleepers provide air space for any excess moisture can escape. ADD PIC PG. 16-3

Answer 146

1. **Granite:** igneous rock with visible grains 2. **Marble:** metamorphic rock formed by layers of shells that, under heat and pressure, form into a composition of crystalline grains and calcite and/or dolomite. 3. **Limestone:** type called travertine used interiors, formed with a network of holes that must be filled with epoxy resin 4. **Slate:** fine grain metamorphic rock easily split int thin slabs 5. **Sandstone:** sedimentary rock made of sand, when cleaved from original rock it is called flagstone

Answer 147

- **polished** (mirrored, reflective) - **honed** ( dull sheen, no reflections) - **fine-rubbed** (smooth, no sheen) - **thermal / flamed** (coarse surface)

Answer 148

1. Thin set: stone is set on a subfloor with a special thin -set mortar ( 1/8" or less) or with adhesive 2. Thick-set: a layer of mortar (3/4” - 1 1/4”) applied to a suitably prepared structurally sound subfloor - The stone is either applied to wet mortar or dried with additional dry-set mortar

Answer 149

Thick: compensate for uneven floor or stone thickness but take more time, money, and heavy Thin: less expensive, light, fast to install, but all stones must be same thickness

Answer 150

**Composite material** poured in place or precast that is used for floors, walls, and stairs. It **consists of chips of marble, quartz, granite, etc., in a matrix that is cementitious** or chemical. Terrazzo is poured, cured, ground, and polished to produce a smooth surface

Answer 151

1. Standard terrazzo: small chips n larger than 3/8” 2. Venetian terrazzo: chips larger than 3/8” 3. Palladian terrazzo: thin, random-fractured slabs or marble with standard terrazzo in between 4. Rustic terrazzo: has matrix depressed to expose the chips

Answer 152

1. **Sand cushion**(best Way to avoid cracks) 2. **bonded method** 3. **monolithic method** 4. **Thin-set method** ADD PIC PG. 16-7

Answer 153

Composite of materials made from various resins, fibers, plasticizers, and fillers-formed under heat and pressure to produce thin sheets or tiles

Answer 154

Vinyl, rubber, cork, linoleum

Answer 155

Excess moisture and alkalinity

Answer 156

1. Rug: soft floor covering not fastened to the floor 2. Sheet carpet: long rolls installed with no visible seams (typically 12' wide) 3. Carpet tiles: individual pieces of carpet applied to floor with pressure sensitive adhesive

Answer 157

Their modular design allows damaged pieces to be replaced without pulling entire carpetup.

Answer 158

1. **Wool:** natural, durable, flame resistant, expensive 2. **Nylon:** durable , can be died, cleans easy, economical 3. **Acrylic:** more wool appearance, can be died, cleans easy 4. **Polyesters:** synthetic polymers, abrasion resistant, cleans easy, mildew resistant, low cost 5. **Olefin:** indoor-outdoor use, durable, cleans easy

Answer 159

1. **Weaving:** interlacing work and weft yarns (most exspensive) 2. **Tufting:** pile of yarn is punched through the backing, similar to sewing machine (cost effective, most common method) 3. **Needle punching:** similar to tufting except fibers pulled through a backing with barbed needles 4. **Fusion bonding:** embeds pile yarn in a backing of liquid vinyl ( primarily for carpet tiles)

Answer 160

1. **Wilton method;** allows complex pattens and several textures, heavier and more expensive 2. **Velvet method:** simplist weave, all pile yarn remains on face of carpet, generally sold colour 3. **Axminster:** deliver different colours at different times to produce more complex patterns like floral or geometric ADD PIC PG. 16-11

Answer 161

Longer life, better comfort, sound absorption, less impact noice,

Answer 162

1. Sponge rubber 2. Foam rubber 3. Urethane 4. Felt

Answer 163

1. Direct glue down: carpet is attached to the floor with adhesive 2. Stretched-in: uses tankless strips attached around the perimeter of the room, the string have embedded sharp points which the carpet is stretched against and held in place.

Answer 164

Durability, water resistance, ease of install and dealing, wide choice of colour sizes and patterns, fire resistance, fade resistance,

Answer 165

1. **Ceramic:** made from clay or clay mixture, glazed or unglazed, and fired above red heat 2. **Quarry tile:** glazed or unglazed, typically 6 insq facial area, and made by the extrusion process from natural clay 3. **Porcelain:** similar to ceramic but uses lighter and denser clay, and fired at a high temperature. The firing process removes almost all water from tile, making for a tile more dense and harder that ceramic

Answer 166

**Nonvitreous** tile: has a water absorption rate more than **7%** **Impervious tile:** has water absorption rate less than **0.5%** **Semivitreous:** has water absorption between **0.5% and 7%**

Answer 167

- Tile laid on a suitable substrate using one of several mortar formulations - then joints are filled with grout. The type of mortar and grout used depends on the tile type and job parameters.

Answer 168

1. Thin-set: tiles laid on a suitable substrate with a thin coating of dry-set or latex-portland cement mortar and grouted 2. Full mortar bed: tile and reinforced mortar are separated from the structural floor with a cleavage membrane to allow the two floors to move independently

Answer 169

Thin-set methods must be used only on level sub-floor that won't deflect or move in anyway. If these conditions can not be met, full mortar method should be used.

Answer 170

For large expanses of tile and where tile abuts restraining surfaces, like at colcums

Answer 171

Composed of a **clear wearing sheet over melamine -impregnated decorative printed sheet** with **core layers of phenolic- impregnated kraft paper**, these sheets are **laminate to a high density fibreboard core** under heat and pressure and covered with a water resistant backing sheet.

Answer 172

Advantages: decorative print / endless possibilities, durable, stain resistant, easy to install, low cost Disadvantages; not natural / environmental factors, not suitable for wet areas

Answer 173

Mixture of resin matrix, fillers, decorative materials applied in a liquid form that cures into a hard seamless floor.

Answer 174

Case where extreme hardness, severe stain resistance, chemical resistance, etc. Examples: industrial floors, commercial Kitchen, factory, laboratories, parking garage

Answer 175

Measurement of the degree of slip resistance on a floor surface between 0-1. The higher the COF , the less slippery the surface

Answer 176

**DCOF AcuTest** - which is contained in **ANSI A137**

Answer 177

1. **Binder:**component that gives paints film integrity and holds pigment particles together 2. **Pigments:** finely ground natural or synthetic insoluble materials that give paint it's colour and concealing abilities. 3. **Liquid:** keeps paint fluid until it dries to leave a dry film of binder and pigment on the surface 4. **Additives:** components added to the paint to impart certain attributes

Answer 178

**Solvent-based:** have binders that dissolve in or contain organic solvents. **water-based:** have binders that are soluble or dispersed in water

Answer 179

A clear, solvent-based coating with a small amount of pigment added, which gives colour to the surface but allows the underlying surface to show through

Answer 180

Lead-based paint and volatile organic compounds

Answer 181

**Type 1: light duty** - residential and low traffic commercial areas (7-13 oz/yd) **Type 2: medium duty** - residential, commercial, and moderate traffic institutional areas (13-22 oz/yd) **Type 3: heavy duty** - high traffic area like public corridors & hospitals (over 22 oz/yd

Answer 182

1. Fabric type - must be permable to allow sound energy to pass through and hydrophobic 2. Core material- loose weave material or a tackable material

Answer 183

**Traditional standard-set method:** - 3/4" slab attached to wall substrate with stainless steel wires or ties - these are anchored to substrate and hold the stone by being set in holes or slots cut into the back or sides of the stone slab.

Answer 184

Shades, blinds, soft coverings, hard coverings

Answer 185

1. Roller shades: cloth wound around a spring roller 2. Roman shades: pull up with a cord into accordion folds 3. Austrian shades: similar to Roman but pull into scallops ADD PIC PG 16-22

Answer 186

1. Venetian blinds: horizontal slats whose angle can be adjusted with a control cord and varying levels with another cord 2. Mini blinds: same as Venetian except slats are mini and angle controlled with rod 3. Vertical blinds: slats on a vertical top track and can pull to the side to reveal window ADD PIC PG. 16-22

Answer 187

Drapery is loosely hung fabric that covers the window, while curtains are also hung fabric-they are hung within the window frame and meant to remain closed. ADD PIC PG. 16-22

Answer 188

- Pinch pleat, - stack pleat, - roll pleat - accordion pleat

Answer 189

Custom, shop-fabricated Millwork built primarily of lumbar and used for interior finish construction. Sometimes referred to as just "Millwork"

Answer 190

1. **Premium: highest level quality** in material, worskmeship, and install 2. **Customs:** most common, still **produces high quality job** 3. **Economy: minimum level of quality** These 3 grades are defined by AWS architectural woodwork standards

Answer 191

**Soft wood** refers to timber from **evergreen trees** (pine, fir). **Hardwood** refers timber from **deciduous tress** (oak, maple)

Answer 192

1. Solid stock: thick piece of lumber used alone to form woodwork component. 2. Veneer: a thin piece of wood sliced from a log and glued to a backing of particle board or plywood

Answer 193

1. **Plain sawing:** most efficient, less expensive - cathedral characteristic gran 2. **Quarter sawing:** grain is more uniformly vertical - fewer defects 3. **Rift sawing:** even more consistent vertical grain - most expensive, lots of waste ADD PIC PG. 17-3

Answer 194

1. **Rotary slicing:** mounted on a lathe and turned against a knife - pronounced grain pattern - undesirable/least amount of waste 2. **Half-round slicing:** log cut in half and sliced across growth rings- pronounced grain pattern 3. **Rift slicing:** log cut in quarters and sliced across growth rings-Straight grain pattern 4. **Plain slicing:** most common method of cutting a log, where the slice is parallel to the center cut of a log. It produces a cathedral pattern at the center of the leaf and a straight pattern at the sides. 5. **Quarter slicing** produce a straight line pattern across the face of the veneer. ADD PIC PG. 17-4

Answer 195

Half lap, finger joint, scarf, rabbet, dado, dovetail dado, miter, shoulder miter, splinted miter ADD PIC PG 17-5

Answer 196

Sides and bottom = 3/4", back = 1/4"

Answer 197

An oversized piece of plastic laminate or wood that can trimmed in the field to follow any minor irregularities of the wall

Answer 198

Installer creates a template from thin hardboard after base cabinets are installed, then uses this template to precisely cut the countertop

Answer 199

1. Flush - face installed flush with face frame 2. Lipped overlay 3. Flush overlay 4. Reveal overlay ADD PIC PG. 17-7

Answer 200

Overtime., drawers and doors may sag resulting in non-uniform spacing between fronts causing some doors and drawers to bind against the frame.

Answer 201

Revel over lay -minor misalignments and sagging are not as noticeable

Answer 202

1. Stile and vail: traditional type composed of vertical pieces (stiles) and horizontal pieces (rails) enclosing a paneled area 2. Flush paneling: has a flat smooth surface with the edges butted together or joined with a reveal

Answer 203

1. Matching between adjacent veneer leaves 2. Matching between veneers within a room 3. Matching panels within a room

Answer 204

1. Book matching - symmetrical grain pattern through flipping every other piece 2. Slip matching - consecutive pieces side by side 3. Random matching - random sequence from difference batches of veneer ADD PIC 17-9

Answer 205

1, **running match:** simply alternate book matched veneer pieces regardless of leaf widths 2. **Balanced match:** veneers trimmed to equal widths in each panel 3. **Centre match:** an even number of veneer leaves of uniform width so that veneer joint in centre of panel ADD PIC PG. 17-10

Answer 206

1. **Pre-manufactured:** least expensive, field cut around opening, loss of grain continuity 2. **Sequence match:** panels uniform width, made for specific job 3. **Blueprint match:** most expensive, manufactured to precisely fit the room ADD PIC 17-11

Answer 207

Wood seats or aluminum z -clips, allows panels to move as the wood expands and contract and removes need for exposed fasteners

Answer 208

Thin sheet of material made by **impregnating several layers of kraft paper with phenolic resins and overlaying the paper with a pattern or coloured sheet and a layer of melamine resin**. The assembly is then placed in a hot press to fuse all layers together.

Answer 209

Particle board, MDF, hardboardneeneer core. Most common is 45 lbm density particle board as it's the most dimensionally stable, provides smooth surface, and sufficient impact resistance

Answer 210

Step 1: add all lengths of each carpet roll needed Step2: multiply total length by (1yd ÷ 3ft) = (0.333333) to convert total length into yards Step 3: multiply total yard length by 4yds (which is 12ft, which is roll width ) Step 4: round up to nearest whole yard ADD PIC OF EQUATION 16-24

Answer 211

- Minimize seams - avoid seams on main path of travel - avoid seams perpendicular to doorways - avoid where light will make seams more apparent - place away major design features - avoid seams at point of heavy traffic

Answer 212

Step 1: calculate total height (# of risers x height of riser) Step 2: calculate total run (# of treads x length of tread) Step 3: add height and run together Step 4: add an extra in to each stair step (# of stairs)(1in) Step 5: add step 3 and 4 together Step 6: convert to feet (step 5 total) ÷ (1ft ÷ 12”) and round up to nearest whole number Step 7: multiple step 6 total feet by stair width to get area in ftsq Step 8: convert ftsq to ydsq: (ftsq) (1yd ÷ 9ftsq) = ydsq ADD CALC PG. 16-25

Answer 213

Step 1: calculate perimeter of the room Step 2: multiply perimeter by ceiling height to get total sqft Step 3: add a 20% waste factor to total sqft (multiply sqft by 0.2) Step 4: calculate the area not being covered I.e. doors (15sqft) windows (15sqft for 2 windows) Step 5: subtract area not being covered from total sqft Step 6: divide the area per roll (27in roll has 36sqft - double roll has 72sqft) by step 5 sqft total , round up to nearest whole number

Answer 214

1. **Random match:** no elements that must be lined up from one strip to another 2. **Straight match:** design elements repeat horizontally, each strip starts at the ceiling line in the same place 3. **Half drop match:** design elements drop from one strip to the next by half distance of the repeat ADD PIC 16-28

Answer 215

Use the same steps as the sqft method for rolls less that 54” but use a modified Cri,ing height based on the repeat dimension Step 1: divide the height of wall in inches by distance it the pattern repeat in inches, round to nearest whole number Step 2: multiply step 1 by distance of the pattern repeat in inches to get the modified ceiling height Step 3: multiply modified ceiling height by room perimeter Step 4: add 20 percent waste factor (step 3 x 0.2) Step 5: calculate area not covered Step 6: subtract area not covered from total area Step 7: divide area per roll of wallpaper into the area found in step 6

Answer 216

Standing trim is an items of fixed length, such as a door or window casing Running trim is an item of continuing length, such as base board or chair rail

Answer 217

Standing / running trim is custom fabricated and installed as a Millwork piece. Wood molding comes in standard profiles and sizes and is installed as finished carpentry

Answer 218

**Humid regions:** southern states, Newfoundland, costal areas: **8%-13%** with average at 11% **Dry regions:** southwest states, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba: **4%-9%** with average at 6% **In between regions:** most of the states, Ontario, Quebec: **5%-10%** with average at 8%

Answer 219

1. Lacquer 2. Varnish 3. Polyurethane 4. Polyester

Answer 220

1. Lacquer 2. Varnish 3. Vinyl 4. Penetrating oils 5. Polyurethane 6. Polyester

Answer 221

**Water-based** have a **more uniform colour and raise the grain** **Solvent-based** dry quickly but **do not raise the grain and are less uniform**

Answer 222

Generic term for homogeneous, polymer-based surfacing materials.it is made from a filter and a clear resin binder

Answer 223

Solid surface - lower cost, lighter weight, and available in patterns resembling stone

Answer 224

The process where **crushed quartz particles are set in a thermoplastic polyester resin mineral oxide pigment** which create a durable scratch resistant surface

Answer 225

Quartz surfacing

Answer 226

**STC 25** - normal speech can barely be heard through the barrier **STC 30** - loud speech can be heard and understood fairly well, normal speech is heard but barely understood **STC 35** - loud speech is not intelligible but can be heard **STC 42-45** - loud speech can only be faintly heard; normal speech cannot be heard **STC 46-50** loud speech is not audible; loud sounds other than speech can only be faintly heard if at all

Answer 227

Wood studs one story high are placed on a sole plate at the bottom and spanned with a double top plate at ceiling level. The second floor joists bear on the top plate PIC PG 12-13

Answer 228

**By the coefficient of absorption**, which is the **ratio of the sound intensity absorbed by the material to the total intensity reaching the material** The maximum absorption possible is 1

Building Systems & Construction Flashcards

(260 cards)