Geography Paper 1 > carbon > Flashcards

carbon Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the 5 carbon stores and as what

A

atmosphere-as CO2 and compounds
hydrosphere-dissolved CO2
lithosphere- carbonated in limestone and fossil fuels
biosphere-living and dead organisms
cryosphere-stored in permafrost

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2
Q

what system is the carbon cycle

A

a closed system

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3
Q

what are the 3 components of the carbon cycle

A

STORES- where it’s held
FLUXES (transfers)- the flows which move carbon between stores
PROCESSES-the physical mechanisms which drive the fluxes between stores (photosynthesis and diffusion)

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4
Q

carbon stores operate as…
2

A

sources- adding carbon to the atmosphere
Sinks- removing carbon from atmosphere

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5
Q
A
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6
Q

what is the terrestrial carbon store
2

A

-when geological processes trap carbon in the form of coal
-calcareous oozes are found in ocean ready to be turned into limestone rocks

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7
Q

what is the atmospheric carbon store

A

when volcanic activity, wildfires, respiration emit carbon dioxide into the atmosphere

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8
Q

what is the ocean carbon store
2

A

-CO2 is dissolved by oceans from the atmosphere
-most CO2 is stored in intermediate and deep water

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9
Q

the geological carbon cycle contains 2 types of carbon

A

geological and biological derived

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10
Q

what is geological carbon

A

results form the formation of sedimentary carbonate rocks (limestone/chalk) in ocean

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11
Q

what is biologically derived carbon

A

(plants/algae) store in shale coal and other sedimentary rocks->fossil fuels

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12
Q

how are fossil fuels formed

A

by the deposition of organic material

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13
Q

what does the geological carbon cycle do

A

transfers carbon between land and the atmosphere

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14
Q

what is the process of tuning sediment into rock though lithification
4

A

1)sedimentation- dead matter settling into layers
2) compaction- over time layers build up an pressure squeezes out water
3) cementation- mineral bind particles together forming rock
4) diagenesis- the physical and chemical changes occurring during the conversion of sediment to sedimentary rock

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15
Q

what are carbonate rocks

A

Carbonate rocks are sedimentary rocks they contain carbon in the form of carbonate minerals, mainly calcium carbonate 

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16
Q

what are limestone rocks made of
(carbonate rocks)

A

wen eg marine creatures remains collect on the sea bed and the calcium carbonate is compacted by the weight of new layers and cemented together to form an organic limestone rocks

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17
Q

why is carbon a fundamental building block of life
2

A

-because it can form 4 chemical bonds and so i can build complex chemicals
-all living things contain carbon

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18
Q

how is the carbon cycle a closed system

A

because there are inputs and output of energy but the amount of carbon in the system remains the same

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19
Q

99.9% of carbon is stored in…

A

sedimentary rocks such as limestone

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20
Q

what does sequestration mean

A

the capture of carbon from the atmosphere

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21
Q

what is a carbon budget

A

the difference between the inputs of carbon into a subsystem and outputs of carbon from it

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22
Q

what are examples of inputs to the atmosphere
4

A

respiration, combustion, decomposition, volcanic activity

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23
Q

what are examples of outputs of carbon from the atmosphere
4

A

photosynthesis, decomposition, carbonation, chemical weathering

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24
Q

what does the balance of the inputs and outputs in a subsystem determine

A

it determines whether it’s a source or sink

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25
what is a carbon source
when the carbon outputs outweigh the inputs
26
what is a carbon sink
when the inputs of carbon outweigh the outputs
27
what are 3 geological processes that release carbon into the atmosphere
chemical weathering, volcanic outgassing, chemical weathering and degassing
28
what is chemical weathering
rainwater becomes a weak carbonic acid (absorbed CO2)-> when it falls it reacts with carbonate rocks and silicate minerals. -this process releases ions such as calcium-> then they are transported by rivers to oceans where organisms combine isthdisolved carbon to create calcium carbonate
29
what is chemical weathering and degassing w
1) sea floor (carbonate rocks) is subducted at destructive margins 2) some of the carbon is ‘degassed’ and brought to the surface as CO2 within magma
30
what is volcanic outgassing 2
-emmisions from fractures in the earths crust - volcanic eruptions or earthquake activity may allow pulses or more diffuses fluxes of carbon into atmosphere -releases 0.15-0.2 Billions GT a year
31
what negative feedback comes from the geological carbon cycle
increase in volcanic activity-> more emmisions-> temperature rises-> more uplift of air, condensation and rain-> more chemical weathering and erosion of rocks-> more carbon ions deposition on ocean floors-> more carbon stored in rocks
32
what geological processes influences the levels of carbon in the atmosphere 2
In/ Volcanic activity, out/ carbonic acid rain causes carbon ions to be stored in the sea bed
33
what is an example of a biological process
ocean sequestration
34
what role does the carbonate pump have in ocean sequestration
calcium carbonate-> (rocks and exoskeletons) -> shellfish, zooplankton, coral-> deep ocean sediment-> rock
35
what does the biological pump involve
phytoplankton (algae)
36
what is energy security
the uninterrupted availability of energy sources at an affordable price
37
what is domestic energy
from within the country
38
what is foreign energy
imported form another country
39
what is energy intensity
the amount of energy used per unit of economic output (usually GDP)
40
what is primary energy
energy sources used to power vehicles, heat gome or generate electricity
41
what is secondary energy
other energy sources used in its production
42
what is non-renewable energy sources
coal, oil, natural gas-> finite-> will run out
43
what is recyclable energy
can be replenish by human action
44
what is renewable energy
constantly replenished by nature
45
factors affecting energy security 4
-population growth -energy conservation -increase in development (industrialisation) -higher income and quality of life
46
what is energy supply affected by 3
-primary energy resources-> accessibility an affordability -investment by energy companies/TNCS -affordability
47
how have the type of energy consumed changed over time 3
-oil has significantly increased-> cars -nat gas has increased-> home heating and for electricity -hydro has increased-> mega dams and loans from WB
48
how does the biological pump reach the bottom of the sea
well 98% is lost to the atmosphere and the rest sinks and is eaten and is sent to the deep sea by animals dying and sinking
49
what is terrestrial sequestration (long term carbon cycle)
the storage of carbon in land-based ecosystems such as vegetation and soils.
50
what is the thermohaline pump
a current which involves upwelling and down welling -nutrients upwell due to ocean currents -downswelling helps shift carbon in the carbonate pump cycle to deeper waters-> converts to sediments and then carbonate rock
51
how do biomes have different terrestrial sequestration 4
the different levels of seasons, number of trees, rain, sunlight intensity
52
what is sequestration easy
its storage
53
what are carbon flexes
how much carbon is being stored
54
what is positive carbon flex
during the day-> atmosphere to ecosystem
55
what is negative carbon flex
seasons-> branches and leafs fall-> negative night-> negative therefore a balance
56
factors affecting energy availability 5
-physical availability -cost -standard of living -technology -economic development -climate
57
UKs energy mix summarised 4
-very diverse -using less energy that in the 1990’s as of increased efficiency, renewables, deindustrialisation -less fossil fuels more renewables -Net Zero 2050
58
what is Norway’s energy mix 3
-40% hydro-> high land and rainfall -oil is declining as is banned for home heating -99% renewables
59
UK total energy mix C,O,G 2
-less coal and oil but is a continued reliance -gas is continued reliance
60
UK total energy mix renewables and recyclables 3
Nuclear-> sustained as replacing old with new -wind and solar increasing -increase bio energy (wood pellets)
61
positives an negatives of nuclear energy
+/ reliable base load energy -/ expensive
62
what % of the worlds oil is in cars
75%
63
what is CCS
captures Co2 from emitters and stores it underground
64
main disadvantage of CCS
no financial incentive
65
what are the benefits on CCS 2
-enables countries to keep burning fossil fuels -can use existing infrastructure and tech
66
positives and negatives of electric cars
+/ reduced demand for oil consumption -/ short battery life, needs rare earth elements
67
what is oils pathway and supply like
difficult to extract but easy to transport, large supply
68
what is coals pathway and supply like
easy to extract but hard to transport, plentiful supply
69
what is are the 2 types of biofuel
primary and secondary
70
what is primary biofuel
it’s raw
71
what is secondary biofuel
manufactured/ processed
72
what is biomass (primary) 2
wood pellets, manure
73
what is biogas (primary)
methane
74
what are the types of secondary biofuel
1,2,3 generation
75
what is first generation secondary biofuel
bioethanol-> sugar cane, corn biodiesel-> sunflowers, corn, soya
76
what is second generation secondary biofuel
cellulosic-> bioethanol -straw, miscanthus needs energy to process
77
what is 3rd generation secondary biofuel
algae-> is expensive though -> can be used as jet fuel
78
benefits of biofuel 2
renewable and carbon neutral
79
Biofuels in brazil 2
-31% of total primary energy mix -worlds second largest ethanol exporter
80
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