Tectonics

Question 1

what is a mega disaster
4

Answer 1

2000+ deaths
200,000 homeless
5% GDP lost
a year of aid or more

Question 2

what is a P wave

Answer 2

it’s the primary wave that moves up and down

Question 3

what is an S wave

Answer 3

it’s the secondary wave and moves side to side

Question 4

what is intensity determined by
3

Answer 4

-magnitude
-focal depth
-geology

Question 5

what does the VEI do

Answer 5

measures volcanic power
(ejected material)

Question 6

what are signs of development in a country
2

Answer 6

HDI
Wealth equality

Question 7

what can reduces the impact of hazards ( if a country has economic development)
3

Answer 7

-better infrastructure
-advanced technology for monitoring prediction and warning systems
- stronger healthcare

Question 8

an example of a highly developed country when they suffered an hazard

Answer 8

Japan in 2011

Question 9

what was the magnitude and the total cost of the japan 2011 tsunami

Answer 9

9.1 and $220 billion

Question 10

what’s a world city

Answer 10

it’s a high globally connected city

Question 11

how many people are in a mega city

Answer 11

10 million +

Question 12

what was the magnitude and when was the earthquake in haiti + deaths

Answer 12

7 and 200,000 deaths
2010

Question 13

what is my main argument for haiti
(dev)

Answer 13

it’s how developing countries are more vulnerable and are less resistant

Question 14

how to measure magnitude
2

Answer 14

-richter scale
- moment magnitude scale
(energy and ground movement)

Question 17

why was haiti so bad
4

Answer 17

-poor quality buildings (slums)
-density of population
-poor governance (no building reg)
-no education on earthquakes

Question 18

what did japan do with their early warning systems

Answer 18

it lead to an automated alert VIA tvs, and mobile phones

Question 19

what prediction did japan use
2

Answer 19

satellites and pressure sensors

Question 20

physical characteristics of the Haiti earthquake
2

Answer 20

magnitude of 7
13km depth->intense shaking

Question 21

primary impacts of Haiti
3

Answer 21

-250,000 houses destroyed or badly damaged
-230,000 people died
-all hospital destroyed

Question 22

secondary impacts of Haiti
2 both diseases

Answer 22

-cholera broke out due to poor sanitation and drinking dirty water (affecting 720,000 people)
-high temperature after made the bodies to start decaying-> diseases

Question 23

immediate responses in Haiti 2

Answer 23

-115,000 tents were set up to provide shelter
-other countries sent large numbers of doctors

Question 24

long term responses in Haiti
2

Answer 24

$1.1 billion raised by charities
-The EU stopped their debt repayments for 5 years

Question 25

what are examples of primary hazards 5

Answer 25

earthquakes, volcanoes, floods, wildfires, droughts

Question 26

secondary hazard examples 4

Answer 26

landslides, tsunamis, lashes and fires?

Question 27

what is speed of onset for hazards

Answer 27

how quickly the hazard affects people

Question 28

what is hazard profiling

Answer 28

Hazard profiling is a technique used to compare different types of hazards (mag, speed of onset, duration, areal extent)

Question 29

what intensity determined by

Answer 29

-magnitude -focal depth -geology (soft wet ground moves more)

Question 30

what is focal depth

Answer 30

how deep below the Earth’s surface the earthquake starts

Question 31

Haiti vs Kobe magnitude

Answer 31

H-7 K-6.9

Question 32

Haiti vs Kobe speed of onset

Answer 32

H-2 seconds no warning K-20 seconds no warning

Question 33

Haiti vs Kobe duration

Answer 33

H-30-40 seconds K-20 seconds

Question 34

Haiti vs Kobe- spatial area

Question 35

what are the 4 Ms of management

Answer 35

-modify the cause-> impossible -modify the event-> hazard resistant buildings -modify the risk-> monitoring, education -modify the loss-> insurance, relief

Question 36

how can you modify a hazard like volcanoes 3

Answer 36

-lava flow diversion -warning systems -hazard mapping

Question 37

what is the hazard response cycle 4 steps

Answer 37

how a country response before and after the even

Question 38

what is parks model about (simple)

Answer 38

the disaster response curve

Question 39

what is parks model

Answer 39

it’s stages about how a country responds to a hazard

Question 40

what are the prediction methods for earthquakes 4

Answer 40

-seismic monitoring networks -animal behaviour observation -statistical probability models based on historical data -foreshock analysis (analysing small earthquakes to predict big one)

Question 41

what is the degree of accuracy for earthquake prediction methods 3

Answer 41

-cannot predict specific timing (hour/day) -can identify high risk areas -very poor at predicting magnitude

Question 42

what is an example of accurate prediction earthquakes year? and based on what

Answer 42

Haicheng China 1975 -7.3 mag with mass evacuation ordered-> based on foreshocks, animal behaviour

Question 43

what are some examples of volcano prediction methods 3

Answer 43

-seismic activity monitoring -gas emission analysis -thermal monitoring

Question 44

what is the degree of accuracy for volcano prediction methods 3

Answer 44

-location very accurate (where it is) - success rate 70-80% -timing-> predicted days to weeks

Question 45

what is an accurate prediction for volcanoes example evacuated?, how long did they monitor?, when and where

Answer 45

Mount Pinatubo 1991 -58,000 evacuated -2 months monitoring detected increasing activity

Question 46

what are some examples of tsunamis prediction methods 3

Answer 46

-deep ocean pressure sensors -seismic networks -historic tsunami data

Question 47

what is the degree of accuracy for tsunamis prediction methods 3

Answer 47

-very accurate for location -very accurate for timing - 95% success rate

Question 48

what is an inaccurate prediction for tsunamis example how long of a warning?, when and where

Answer 48

Indian ocean tsunami 2004 -no pacific warning systems -230,000 deaths - thailand had a 2 hour warning but with no system to spread awareness

Question 49

what was each of these hazards about if they were in categories 4 Haiti, asian, japanese, E15

Answer 49

- Haiti 2010, death toll - Asian Tsunami 2004, spatial deaths -Japanese Tsunami 2011, Nuclear - E15 2010, economic

Question 50

Haiti 2010 deaths, how it was aided with management and the effect the earthquake has globally

Answer 50

-1.1 million deaths -dozens of countries and international organisations sent aid -the event did not affect global supply systems

Question 51

asian tsunami 2004 mag, cost and deaths, how many countries affected. and did it affect shipping

Answer 51

9.1 magnitude, 14$ billion and 230,000 deaths -14 countries affected and affected shipping as ports were destroyed

Question 53

japanese tsunami 2011 deaths, cost , what was destroyed, and what was the international impact

Answer 53

15,800 deaths, 300$ Billion -nuclear power plant destroyed - the was international nuclear pollution-> negative relationships formed

Question 54

pinatubo- cost, aid?, effect on climate

Answer 54

375$ million, global aid, dropped global climate by 0.5 degrees

Question 55

what were the long term consequences of pinatubo 2

Answer 55

-lahar damage continued for years -clark air base abandoned leading to significant geo political changes

Question 56

what were the environmental global effects of Pinatubo 2

Answer 56

-20 million tons of sulphate dioxide -ozone depletion effects

Question 57

what risk reduction and preparing was down for mount Pinatubo 3

Answer 57

-building codes/ regs -volcanic hazard mapping -evacuation planning and shelter protection

Question 58

what are the 3 key factors of prediction

Answer 58

-magnitude -location and spatial area -time

Question 59

how did the japanese tsunami in 2011 prevent and minimise damage/deaths

Answer 59

an automated issue alert via tv and phones

Question 60

what ways can you measure magnitude 2

Answer 60

richter scale moment magnitude scale

Question 61

how can you measure intensity and what does it look at 1

Answer 61

-modified mercalli scale 1-12 height of focus, how saturated ground is

Question 62

why was Kobe so bad 2

Answer 62

shallow focus-> increased intensity of shaking -liquefaction on artificial islands

Question 63

what is a world city

Answer 63

a highly globally connected city

Question 64

what is counter urbanisation

Answer 64

movement of people out of the cities and into rural areas

Question 65

what is centripetal migration

Answer 65

the movement of people directed towards the centre of urban areas

Question 66

6 key words for paper 1

Answer 66

resilience vulnerability governance frequency risk magnitude