Cardiovascular system

Question 1

Blood description (4)

Answer 1

• Is only fluid tissue in the body (incompressible)
• It’s red and viscous (thick)
• It’s a colloid (heterogeneous, but appears homogeneous)
• A man’s body contains 5 to 6 L of blood and a woman’s body contains 4 to 5 L

Question 2

Blood consistituents

Answer 2

• Plasma (55%)
• Platelets and white blood cells (less than 1%)
• Red blood cells (45%)

Question 3

What is Plasma? (5)

Answer 3

• Liquid of the blood
• transparent and golden
• makes up 55% of the blood
• 90% of plasma is water (containing nutrients, antibodies, hormones, waste, etc.)
• Plasma rise to the top centrifugation

Question 4

Function of plasma

Answer 4

• Transports nutrients to cell
• Transports waste products from cellular activities
• Transports antibodies, hormones, proteins, and other substances
• solvent of blood, carries is constituents

Question 5

Red blood cells (4)

Answer 5

• Red biconcave disks
• no nucleus, few organelle
• Transports oxygen with the help of a protein called hemoglobin
• Transports CO2

Question 6

White blood cells (3)

Answer 6

-Transparent
-Provide immunity and defence against diseases
-Bigger than red blood cells, but less abundant

Question 7

Platelets (2)

Answer 7

• Irregular fragments (pieces of cells) that comes from large cells in the bone marrow (not actually cells)
• Help in the process of the blood clotting

Question 8

Importance of blood coagulation (2)

Answer 8

• Platelets aid in blood coagulation (clotting)
• When an injury occurs platelets group in the area and produce strands of fibrin to trap blood cells to form a clot.

Question 9

Define anemia

Answer 9

Anaemia is a disease that results in the lack of oxygen in the blood, and is often associated with low iron, since you need iron to make hemoglobin

Question 10

Causes of anemia (3)

Answer 10

• Doesn’t have enough red blood cells
• Doesn’t have enough hemoglobin in red blood cells
• Has abnormally formed hemoglobin

Question 11

How to find concentration

Answer 11

Concentration = mass/volume

Question 12

How are blood types determined?

Answer 12

• blood types are determined by the presence or absence of one of the following on the membrane surface of the red blood cells (antigen a, antigen b, and Rhesus factor)

Question 13

Blood transfusions (2)

Answer 13

• A blood transfusion involves injecting blood into a person
• Transfusions could be needed is a person has a certain disease or if someone has lost a lot of blood due to an injury

Question 14

Give the antigens and antibodies if you had:
A-
B+
AB+
O-

Answer 14

A- = antigen A and antibodies B & Rh
B+ = antigen B & Rh and antibody A
AB+ = all antigens (A, B , Rh) and no anitbody
O- = no antigens and all antibodies (A,B,Rh)

Question 15

Immune system (3)

Answer 15

• The body can tell the difference between itself (its own cells) and invading cells
• Once the body recognizes an invading cell, it will destroy it
• This is called an immune response

Question 16

Agglutinogens (4)

Answer 16

• antigens
• molecules/proteins found on the surface of the red blood cells
• Cause an immune response
• On human red blood cells there are type A type B and Rh antigens

Question 17

Agglutinins (3)

Answer 17

• Antibodies
• proteins in the blood that recognize an attack foreign (outsiders) antigens
• Opposite antibodies to the antigens you have

Question 18

Why are blood typing important? (2)

Answer 18

• If the blood is not compatible blood clumping or agglutination (can lead to death) will occur when the blood is mixed
• This occurs when the receiver has antibodies against donor blood cells

Question 19

Why is blood type O considered the universal donor but can only receive from blood type O?

Answer 19

Blood type Os have no antigens therefore the other types won’t have attack it, but blood type Os have antibodies for A&B antigens so any donor with A or B antigens, the Os will have a reaction (agglutination)

Question 20

Why do the antibodies of the donor not seem to have an affect?

Answer 20

The antibodies of the donor or diluted by the recipient blood plasma (watery part of the blood) which is why this rarely causes agglutination leading to death

Question 21

Define blood compatibility

Answer 21

There is a blood compatibility when it is possible to transfer a blood product (donor) with a specific blood type (recipient) of the same blood or different without agglutination

Question 22

What does the cardiovascular system include?

Answer 22

• Blood (plasma, rbc, wbc, platelets)
• blood vessels (to carry blood): vessels that carry O2 rich blood, and vessels that carry CO2 rich blood
• The heart (pumps the blood throughout the body)

Question 23

Blood vessels (2)

Answer 23

Large transportation net work all over the body
Broken down into three categories:
Arteries, capillaries, veins are you what are you

Question 24

Convention blood vessels

Answer 24

Most arteries are red, carrying oxygen, and most veins are blue, carrying CO2 (exception, pulmonary arteries and veins)

Question 25

Arteries (4)

Answer 25

- Blood vessels that carries blood from the heart to other parts of the body - Arteries are the largest blood vessels in the body. The Aorta is the largest overall. - Have thick walls to withstand high pressure of the blood (heart pumps, blood into arteries high-pressure) - Arteries branch into arterials, which empty into capillaries

Question 26

Capillaries (5)

Answer 26

- Small blood vessel - Short and numerous - Narrow (so narrow that red blood cells can only go through in a single file) - Thin walls to help ease, gas and change, and the exchange of substances between blood and organ cells (like nutrients and oxygen, etc.) - Capillary said blood received from the arterioles to venules

Question 27

Veins (4)

Answer 27

- The capillaries, then take the blood and send it to the venules which join to form, larger veins - Blood vessels that take blood back to the heart using muscle contractions (carries deoxygenated blood towards the heart, except pulmonary veins = blood from the heart to lungs) - Pressure inside of veins is pretty low since capillaries are thin - Have valves, making blood flow the right way

Question 28

Varicose veins

Answer 28

Veins have valves and make sure blood travels in one direction (varicose veins results from malfunction of valves)

Question 29

The location of the heart (2)

Answer 29

- A muscular pump found between the two lungs and protected by the rib cage -Adult heart is about the size of a fist

Question 30

Function of the heart

Answer 30

The heart helps carry blood to and from the lungs (known as the pulmonary circuit) and to and from the rest of the body (known as a systemic circuit)

Question 31

Inside the heart (3)

Answer 31

- The heart has four chambers (the right atrium, the right ventricle, the left atrium, and the left ventricle) - The atria are smaller than the ventricles - The left and right side of the heart do not communicate with each other

Question 32

Labelling the heart (movement of the blood)

Answer 32

1. Superior vena cava/inferior vena cava (starts off as deoxygenated blood) 2. Right atrium 3. Tricuspid valve (atrioventricular valve) 4. Right ventricle 5. Pulmonary valve (heart valve) 6. Pulmonary arteries (left or right) 7. Lungs (intakes deoxygenated and releases oxygenated to heart) 8. Pulmonary veins 9. Left atrium 10. Bicuspid/mitral valve (atrioventricular valve) 11. Left ventricle 12. Aortic valve (heart valve) 13. Aorta

Question 33

What separates the right side of the heart from the left side of the heart?

Answer 33

The septum

Question 34

atrial contraction vs ventricular contraction

Answer 34

Atrial contraction is the pumping from the atria to the ventricles with the atrioventricular valves shutting when the ventricles are full (to prevent back flow) Ventricular contraction is the pumping from the ventricles to the exits (pulmonary artery, or aorta) through the heart valves

Question 35

Pulmonary circulation

Answer 35

Carries blood that contains carbon dioxide to the lungs where it gets rid of the waist and is resupplied with oxygen. this happens on the right side of the body

Question 36

Systematic circulation

Answer 36

Carries oxygenated blood to the cells to supply them with oxygen and nutrients this happens on the left side of the body

Question 37

Heart attack

Answer 37

When the heart muscle dies from the lack of oxygen or blocked arteries

Question 38

Stroke

Answer 38

A blood clot in the brain

Question 39

Hypertension, fine

Answer 39

High blood pressure can be caused by diet, obesity, smoking, genetics, etc.