name the five types of protein and their functions:
structural: for strength+support at the membrane.
hormones: chemical messengers, regulating process like growth and metabolism.
antibodies: white blood cells which fight pathogens.
receptors: recognise substances and transmits info into the cell.
enzymes: have an active site, speed up chemical reactions.
what are proteins made of?
all proteins are made using amino acids.
why is the sequence of amino acids important in making proteins?
the sequence of amino acids determines the structure/function of the protein.
what is an determines the structure/function of the protein?
an enzyme is a biological catalyst that speeds up chemical reactions.
what is the active site?
the place on an enzyme where the SUBSTRATE binds/attaches.
what does the term ‘specific’ mean?
the enzyme is SPECIFIC to one substrate, meaning the active site of an enzyme molecule is complementary to its substrate(s).
what happens in a synthesis reaction?
in a synthesis reaction, many small substrates are joined together to make a larger product.
what does ‘synthesis’ mean?
synthesis = sticks together
give an example of a synthesis reaction:
phosphorylase (glucose -1- phosphate + starch)
which factors affect an enzyme?
temperature/pH
what does the term ‘optimum temperature’ mean?
optimum temperature- the temperature at which the enzyme is most active.
what happens beyond an enzymes optimum temperature/pH?
beyond optimum conditions, the shape of the active site changes so the substrate can no longer bind. this is when the enzyme becomes DENATURED.
explain the significance of a proteins shape.
the shape of a protein determines what it can interact/attach with (e.g a key+lock)
give examples for each function of a protein:
structural: tubulin (keratin) which makes up hair and nails
hormones: insulin
antibodies: your body produces around 1 million types of antibody
receptor: insulin receptor
enzymes: catalase
