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Cell Cycle Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the cell cycle?

A

The period of time between the birth of a cell and its own division to produce 2 daughter cells

Lasts for at least 12 hours but in the majority of adult tissues, it lasts much longer.

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2
Q

What are the two main phases of the cell cycle?

A

Interphase and mitotic (M) phase

These phases encompass all activities a cell undergoes from its formation to its division.

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3
Q

What occurs during the G1 phase of interphase?

A

Cell grows and performs functions

This phase is crucial for cellular growth and metabolic activities.

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4
Q

What happens in the S phase of interphase?

A

DNA is replicated

This phase ensures that each daughter cell receives an identical set of chromosomes.

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5
Q

What occurs during the G2 phase of interphase?

A

Cell grows again

This phase prepares the cell for mitosis.

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6
Q

What are the stages of mitosis?

A
  • Prophase
  • Metaphase
  • Anaphase
  • Telophase

These stages represent the process where replicated DNA divides equally.

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7
Q

What marks the end of mitosis?

A

Cytokinesis

This process completes the cell division, resulting in two daughter cells.

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8
Q

What is the interval between the end of mitosis and the beginning of the next called?

A

Interphase

Interphase is when the cell is either resting or performing its specialized work, not in mitosis.

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9
Q

What are the main phases of the cell cycle?

A
  • Interphase
  • M phase (mitosis and cytokinesis)

M phase includes all stages of mitosis and cytokinesis.

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10
Q

What occurs during the G1 phase of the cell cycle?

A

A growth phase where cells respond to growth factors directing them to initiate another cycle

G1 phase is crucial for cell growth and preparation for DNA synthesis.

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11
Q

What is the purpose of the G1 checkpoint?

A

Checks for:
* Damaged DNA
* Right proteins

The G1 checkpoint ensures that the cell is ready to proceed to the next phase.

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12
Q

What happens during the S phase of the cell cycle?

A

DNA replication

During the S phase, the cell duplicates its DNA in preparation for mitosis.

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13
Q

What is the G2 phase responsible for?

A

Preparation for mitosis

The G2 phase involves further growth and the production of proteins necessary for mitosis.

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14
Q

List the stages of mitosis in order.

A
  • Prophase
  • Metaphase
  • Anaphase
  • Telophase

These stages represent the process of cell division where one cell divides into two identical cells.

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15
Q

True or False: The G1 phase is characterized by DNA replication.

A

False

DNA replication occurs during the S phase, not the G1 phase.

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16
Q

What is cytokinesis?

A

The division of the cytoplasm to form two separate daughter cells

Cytokinesis often occurs concurrently with the final stages of mitosis.

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17
Q

What happens during the G1 phase of the cell cycle?

A

Cells respond to growth factors directing the cell to initiate another cycle. Molecular machinery required to complete another cell cycle is generated. Duration: <2 - >100 hours.

G1 phase is a critical growth phase before DNA synthesis.

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18
Q

What does the G1 checkpoint check for?

A

*Damaged DNA
*Right proteins

The G1 checkpoint ensures that the cell is ready to proceed to the S phase.

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19
Q

What is the purpose of the G1 checkpoint?

A

To check if the DNA is not damaged and if the right proteins are synthesized in the correct amount.

This checkpoint is crucial for maintaining genomic integrity.

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20
Q

What is the Go phase in the cell cycle?

A

Cells that retain the capacity for division and are in the process of differentiation but are no longer dividing. They do not enter S phase.

Growth factors can stimulate quiescent cells to leave Go and re-enter the cell cycle.

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21
Q

What role do Rb proteins play in the G1 phase?

A

Proteins encoded by Rb (tumour suppressor proteins) block the cell cycle in G1.

Rb proteins are important for regulating the cell cycle and preventing uncontrolled cell division.

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22
Q

What occurs during the cell cycle?

A

DNA is replicated

This process ensures that each chromosome has an identical copy.

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23
Q

What happens to each chromosome during G1?

A

An identical copy is created

This is essential for genetic consistency during cell division.

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24
Q

What is a single chromosome referred to during replication?

A

SINGLE CHROMOSOME

This term describes the chromosome before it is duplicated.

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25
What are the resulting structures after chromosome replication?
CHROMATIDS ## Footnote These are identical copies of the chromosome held together at the centromere.
26
What is the role of the centromere during chromosome replication?
Connects sister chromatids ## Footnote It holds the identical chromatids together until they are separated during cell division.
27
What happens to the amount of DNA during the cell cycle?
It doubles ## Footnote This doubling is crucial for ensuring that each daughter cell receives a complete set of chromosomes.
28
When does the cell cycle begin after mitosis?
8 hours after the end of mitosis ## Footnote This timing is important for the regulation of the cell cycle.
29
How long does the replication phase take to complete?
7/8 hours ## Footnote This duration may vary slightly depending on the cell type.
30
What is the primary function of the G2 phase?
Cell prepares for division ## Footnote This includes processes like the breakdown of the nuclear membrane.
31
What are the key regulators of the G2 phase?
Cyclin B and CDKs ## Footnote These proteins are essential for the progression of the cell cycle.
32
How long does the G2 phase take to complete?
2-4 hours ## Footnote This phase is relatively shorter compared to the replication phase.
33
What marks the end of the G2 phase?
Breakdown of the nuclear membrane ## Footnote This process signals the onset of chromosome condensation.
34
What does the cell cycle include in the Mitotic (M) phase?
Mitosis and cytokinesis ## Footnote Mitosis is the process of cell division that results in two identical daughter cells.
35
What is the outcome of mitosis?
2 daughter cells ## Footnote Each daughter cell contains separate replicated DNA.
36
What does karyokinesis refer to?
The separation of replicated DNA into two distinct nuclei ## Footnote Karyokinesis occurs during mitosis.
37
What happens during cytokinesis?
Formation of two distinct cells ## Footnote Cytokinesis follows karyokinesis and completes the cell division process.
38
What occurs during prophase?
Chromosomes are first visualized and split into 2 chromatids at the centromere ## Footnote This is the first stage of mitosis.
39
What is the role of the centromere in prophase?
It attaches two sister chromatids ## Footnote The centromere is crucial for the proper alignment and separation of chromosomes.
40
What is a centriole's function during mitosis?
It serves as the center of the spindle pole aster ## Footnote Centrioles help organize microtubules during cell division.
41
What are microtubules' role in mitosis?
They form the spindle apparatus ## Footnote Microtubules help in the movement of chromosomes during cell division.
42
What occurs during prophase of the cell cycle?
Chromosomes are first visualized and split longitudinally into 2 chromatids at the centromere. ## Footnote Prophase is the first stage of cell division where the genetic material condenses and becomes visible.
43
What happens to the nuclear membrane during prometaphase?
The nuclear membrane and nucleolus disappear, and chromosomes are entangled in a meshwork of continuous microtubules. ## Footnote Prometaphase is characterized by the breakdown of the nuclear envelope, allowing microtubules to interact with chromosomes.
44
Where do chromosomes align during metaphase?
At the metaphase plate or equator of the spindle. ## Footnote Metaphase is crucial for ensuring chromosomes are properly aligned for separation.
45
What role does colchicine play in cell division?
Colchicine arrests cell division at metaphase and prevents the formation of microtubules of the spindle. ## Footnote Colchicine is often used in experiments to study cell division by disrupting normal spindle formation.
46
What are the two sister chromatids attached at?
At the centromere. ## Footnote The centromere is the region of the chromosome where the two sister chromatids are joined.
47
What is the function of spindle fibres during metaphase?
To attach to chromosomes and facilitate their alignment and separation. ## Footnote Spindle fibres are crucial for the proper segregation of chromosomes during cell division.
48
Fill in the blank: During prophase, chromosomes are first visualized and split longitudinally into 2 chromatids at the _______.
centromere. ## Footnote The centromere is essential for the movement of chromatids during cell division.
49
True or False: The nuclear membrane is intact during prometaphase.
False. ## Footnote The nuclear membrane breaks down during prometaphase to allow microtubules to access chromosomes.
50
What occurs during Anaphase?
Spindle fibres contract, causing the sister chromatids to separate and reach the opposite poles of the cell.
51
Define non-disjunction.
When one or more chromosomes fail to migrate properly in anaphase, resulting in one daughter cell receiving extra chromosomes and the other being deficient.
52
What are isochromosomes?
The formation of two daughter cells of unequal length due to the centromere splitting transversely instead of longitudinally.
53
What happens during Telophase?
The nuclear membrane reforms, the nucleolus appears, chromosomes decondense, and the cytoplasm divides to form two complete cells.
54
What is cytokinesis?
The cleavage furrow develops around the equator region, leading to the separation of daughter cells.
55
What happens to the nuclear membrane during prophase?
The nuclear membrane disintegrates ## Footnote This marks the beginning of mitosis, allowing chromosomes to become visible.
56
What occurs to chromosomes during prophase?
Chromosomes condense ## Footnote This is a crucial step for the chromosomes to be properly separated later in mitosis.
57
Where do chromosomes align during metaphase?
Chromosomes align in the middle ## Footnote This alignment is essential for the accurate separation of sister chromatids.
58
What is the role of centrosomes during anaphase?
Centrosomes pull sister chromatids apart ## Footnote This action ensures that each daughter cell will receive an identical set of chromosomes.
59
What happens to the nuclear membrane during telophase?
The nuclear membrane re-forms ## Footnote This indicates the end of the chromosomes' separation process and the beginning of cell division.
60
What is cytokinesis?
The cell membrane pinches ## Footnote This process ultimately leads to the separation of the daughter cells.
61
What can daughter cells do after mitosis?
Daughter cells can either: * Enter the cell cycle again * Enter the GO phase ## Footnote The GO phase is a resting state where cells are metabolically active but not dividing.
62
Whats the first point dna will go into in cell cycle
G1 phase or gap1
63
How many chromosomes are there in diploid cell
-46
64
What happens in g1 phase
- make more organelles - synthesizing proteins and enzymes
65
What phase is the cell mostly in
- g1 phase
66
What are the cells that go through cell cycle very often and give examples
- labile cells Eg < epithelium of skin , GI tract , urinary tract
67
Whats the cells name that would go through cell cycle if they have proper strong enough stimulus
Stable Eg > liver , epithelium of kidney
68
What cell name that will not go through cell cycle
Peremenant Eg > neurons Skeletal Cardiac
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