Cell Cycle

Question 1

Cell Theory

Answer 1

all cellular life is made of one or more cells

Question 2

Basic Organizational & Functional Units of all organisms

Answer 2

all cells come from other cells

Question 3

Cell Division in Unicellular Organisms

Answer 3

reproduction- a cell splits into 2 cells

Question 4

Cell Division in Multicellular Organisms

Answer 4

2 Functions= growth and development & repair

Question 5

What is the main function of cell division

Answer 5

distribute genetic material into daughter cells

Question 6

Define genome

Answer 6

a cell’s total genetic material

Question 7

Difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes

Answer 7

1) Prokaryotes- usually 1 circular DNA molecule
Eukaryotes= usually >1 linear DNA molecules

Question 8

When is DNA chromatin?

Answer 8

when cell is not actively dividing

Question 9

Which is more organized and has the higher density? Chromatin or chromosomes?

Answer 9

chromosomes

Question 10

Define haploid

Answer 10

having one complete set of chromosomes
1 from mother and one from father

Question 11

What are examples of haploid cells?

Answer 11

egg and sperm

Question 12

define diploid

Answer 12

2 complete sets of chromosomes

Question 13

define homologous pairs

Answer 13

2 of each chromosome (typically in diploid cells)

Question 14

what are examples of diploid clells?

Answer 14

somatic cells

Question 15

can haploid and diploid cells undergo mitosis?

Answer 15

yes

Question 16

what are the similarities in diploid chromosomes (specifically homologous pairs)

Answer 16

same length, centromere location, genes

Question 17

How do prokaryotes divide/ reproduce?

Answer 17

binary fission- splits into two

Question 18

What is interphase?

Answer 18

It is the time between cell divisions; Not a resting state- cell highly active: Growth, synthesis, and metabolic activity

Question 19

Is interphase or mitosis longer?

Answer 19

Long atleast 90% of cell cycle

Question 20

what form is DNA in during interphase?

Answer 20

chromatin

Question 21

What occurs during G1?

Answer 21

i. Growth & normal development and functions
ii. Preparation for S phase
iii. Most cells in G1

Question 22

What occurs during S phase?

Answer 22

i. Chromosomes duplicated- DNA & chromosomal protein synthesis= doesn’t change ploidy
1) Not adding additional sets just making sets

Question 23

what form is DNA in during S phase?

Answer 23

chromatin

Question 24

What forms during s-phase?

Answer 24

sister chromatids-
Connected at centromere - still there during S phase but can’t see it until mitosis

Question 25

What occurs during G2?

Answer 25

i. Usually shorter than G1 or S ii. DNA still is chromatin High metabolic activities, preparations for mitosis

Question 26

Define Mitosis?

Answer 26

nuclear division of somatic cells

Question 27

What is M phase?

Answer 27

a continuous (smooth) process of Mitosis and cytokinesis

Question 28

What occurs during prophase?

Answer 28

1) Chromosomes condense 2) Nucleus breaks down 3) Mitotic spindle forms

Question 29

What is a mitotic spindle? What is its role?

Answer 29

a) Mitotic Spindle -spindle fibers i) Fibers w/in cell oriented from pole to pole of cell Guide chromosome movements during mitosis

Question 30

What occurs during metaphase?

Answer 30

i. Chromosomes align at the metaphase plate (location, not a physical structure)

Question 31

What occurs during anaphase?

Answer 31

i. Sister chromatids separate, move to opposite poles ii. Pulled by kinetochores- proteins attached to chromosomes After separation, each chromatid considered to be a chromosome

Question 32

What occurs during telophase?

Answer 32

i. Opposite of prophase ii. Chromosomes start to decondense iii. Nuclear envelope reforms iv. New nuclei are identical to parent nucleus! That's the whole point!

Question 33

What occurs during cytokinesis?

Answer 33

i. Part of M phase ii. Cytoplasmic/ cellular division- 1 cell divides into 2 cells Distinct process from mitosis, but generally overlaps with telophase

Question 34

Cytokinesis in Animal cells

Answer 34

a) Cleavage furrow- contracts until parent cells pinched into two

Question 35

Cytokinesis in cells with cell walls

Answer 35

a) Cell plate forms - new membrane at location of metaphase plate- build a new barrier in between using vesicles b) Fuses with plasma membrane, divides daughter cells