L E C > Cell Division > Flashcards

Cell Division Flashcards

(52 cards)

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1
Q

two major kinds of cell division

A

Mitosis & Meiosis

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2
Q

three major functions of mitosis

A

growth, reproduction, & regeneration

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3
Q

[Mitosis]

Cell division contributes to the growth of root tissue. In the longitudinal section of a plant root tip, what are the characteristics of the cells?

A

very young, highly proliferative

(proliferative = multiply or spread rapidly)

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4
Q

[Mitosis]

The plants are unicellular/multicellular organisms

A

multicellular

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5
Q

[Mitosis]

The specific mode of reproduction of yeast cells are referred to as

A

budding

(Every yeast cell would divide into two, but the one is smaller than the other)

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6
Q

[Mitosis]

Small bud contains _________ ________ that is the same as the bigger cell

A

genetic material

(The resulting daughter cells will have to be similar genetically. In budding, the daughter cells grow in mass, not in number.)

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7
Q

[Mitosis]

Yeast cells are prokaryotic/eukaryotic cells

A

eukaryotic

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8
Q

[Mitosis]

Exemplified in an amputation of a lizard’s tail

A

regeneration

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9
Q

Most eukaryotic cells repeat a process of growth and division referred to as the

A

cell cycle

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10
Q

MITOSIS

stage of the Interphase where cell has to increase in mass in preparation for the next stages of Interphase

A

Growth 1 (G1)

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11
Q

MITOSIS

stage of the Interphase where the genetic material becomes duplicated

A

Synthesis (S)

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12
Q

MITOSIS

stage of the Interphase where cell has to increase in bulk or mass in preparation for the mitotic division

A

Growth 2 (G2)

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13
Q

MITOSIS

division or separation of the cytoplasm of the resulting daughter cells

A

Cytokinesis

(usually occurs during or after Telophase)

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14
Q

MITOSIS

What stage of cell cycle?

the nucleus is intact, and the chromatin material (genetic material) is thread-like; very thin and long that cannot be seen from a distance

A

Interphase

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15
Q

MITOSIS

Prophase:

  • nuclear membrane ______
  • nucleolus ______
  • chromosomes ______
  • ______ ______ begins to form between centrioles
  • ______ begin to mature and attach to spindle
A
  • disintegrates
  • disappears
  • condense
  • mitotic spindle
  • kinetochores
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16
Q

MITOSIS

[Prophase]

condensed version of the chromatin threads

A

chromosomes

(X-shaped with extensions called arms)

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17
Q

MITOSIS

Metaphase:

kinetochores attach chromosomes to mitotic spindle and align them along metaphase plate at ______ of cell

A

equator

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18
Q

MITOSIS

[Metaphase]

each chromosome contains how many sister chromatids?

A

two OR one pair

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19
Q

MITOSIS

Anaphase:

  • kinetochore microtubules shorten, separating chromosomes to opposite _______
  • polar microtubules ______, preparing cell for cytokinesis
A
  • poles
  • elongate
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20
Q

MITOSIS

[Anaphase]

once each chromatid separates from its sister, it is now referred to as

A

chromosome

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21
Q

MITOSIS

Telophase:

  • chromosomes reach _______ of cell
  • kinetochores _______
  • polar microtubules continue to _______, preparing cell for cytokinesis
  • nuclear membrane _______
  • nucleolus _______
  • chromosomes _______
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A
  • poles
  • disappear
  • elongate
  • re-forms
  • reappears
  • decondense
22
Q

MITOSIS

[Telophase]

process of chromosome going from compact to thin chromatin material once again

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A

decondensation

23
Q

MITOSIS

In telophase, daughter cells aren’t completely separated, it would only happen through

24
Q

MITOSIS

Cytokinesis:

  • plant cells: _______ _______ forms, dividing daughter cells
  • animal cells: _______ _______ forms at equator of cell and pinches inward until cell divides in two
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A
  • cell plate
  • cleavage furrow
25
Functions of MEIOSIS: - to reduce the chromosome number from diploid to _______ - to ensure that each of the haploid products has a complete set of _______ - to promote genetic _______
- haploid - chromosomes - diversity
26
Meiosis is also referred to as
Reduction Division process
27
MEIOSIS humans are haploid/diploid organisms
diploid (we have a pair of chromosomes present in our genetic material; most eukaryotic organisms are diploid)
28
MEIOSIS as diploid organisms, how many pairs of chromosomes do we have in our genetic material?
23 pairs = 46 chromosomes (23 chromosomes came from father, 23 chromosomes came from mother; they came together through fertilization)
29
MEIOSIS In this life cycle, the organism is diploid and the gametes are the only haploid stage.
Diplontic Life Cycle
30
MEIOSIS Fertilized egg
Zygote (Zygote (2n) -> Mature organism (2n))
31
MEIOSIS In Maturation, the mature organism produces
Germ cells (reproductive cells referring to the gametes)
32
MEIOSIS Gametes
Male sperm cells & Female egg cells (haploid because they are formed through meiosis; each have a chromosome number of 23)
33
MEIOSIS How did the chromosomes pair up?
Homology (homologous chromosomes came together)
34
MEIOSIS What concept is being described: 1st to 22nd is the smallest to biggest chromosome, the 23rd pair is the sex chromosome - XY in male, XX in female chromosome 1 of the mother should pair up with the chromosome 1 of the father... and so on
Homologous Chromosomes
35
MEIOSIS Homologous chromosomes are
tetrad (there are 4 sister chromatids)
36
MEIOSIS this occurred that the chromosomes had differing parts in daughter cells near the end of the first meiotic division
recombination
37
MEIOSIS Where did the recombination occur?
Prophase I (Chiasma; site of crossing over of the arms)
38
MEIOSIS the pairing of homologous chromosomes
Synapsis (not the same as synapses)
39
MEIOSIS these occur in Meiosis but do not in Mitosis
pairing of homologous chromosomes chiasmata tetrad formation
40
CELL DIVISION Asexual reproduction of a cell by division into two equal or nearly equal parts. Bacteria divide by this.
binary fission
41
CELL DIVISION A constricted region of a chromosome about 220 nucleotides in length, composed of highly repeated DNA sequences (satellite DNA). During mitosis, this joins the two sister chromatids and is the site to which the kinetochores are attached.
centromere
42
CELL DIVISION One of the two copies of a replicated chromosome, joined by a single centromere to the other strand.
chromatid
43
CELL DIVISION The complex of DNA and proteins of which eukaryotic chromosomes are composed.
chromatin
44
CELL DIVISION The structure within cells that contains the genes. In eukaryotes, it consists of a single linear DNA molecule associated with proteins. The DNA is replicated during S phase, and the replicas separated during M phase.
chromosome
45
CELL DIVISION Division of the cytoplasm of a cell after nuclear division.
cytokinesis
46
CELL DIVISION The portion of a chromosome that is extended except during cell division, and from which RNA is transcribed.
euchromatin
47
CELL DIVISION The portion of a chromosome that remains permanently condensed and, therefore, is not transcribed into RNA. Most centromere regions are heterochromatic.
heterochromatin
48
CELL DIVISION Homologous chromosomes; in diploid cells, one of a pair of chromosomes that carry equivalent genes.
homologues
49
CELL DIVISION A disk of protein bound to the centromere and attached to microtubules during mitosis, linking each chromatid to the spindle apparatus.
kinetochore
50
CELL DIVISION A hollow cylinder, about 25 nanometers in diameter, composed of subunits of the protein tubulin. These lengthen by the addition of tubulin subunits to their end(s) and shorten by the removal of subunits.
microtubule
51
CELL DIVISION Nuclear division in which replicated chromosomes separate to form two genetically identical daughter nuclei. When accompanied by cytokinesis, it produces two identical daughter cells.
mitosis
52
CELL DIVISION The basic packaging unit of eukaryotic chromosomes, in which the DNA molecule is wound around a cluster of histone proteins. Chromatin is composed of long strings of these that resemble beads on a string.
nucleosome
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