cell wall
the rigid, porous outer layer of a plant cell
cell membrane
a double-layered membrane that surrounds the cell, regulates what enters and leaves the cell
also called the plasma membrane
centriole
a bundle of microtubules that helps organize the movement of chromosomes during cell division
chloroplast
an organelle that converts the radiant energy of the sun into chemical energy through the process of photosynthesis
cytoplasm
everything between the nuclear membrane and the cell membrane
includes a jelly-like substance called cytosol along with all of the organelles, molecules, and other structures found in this region
endoplasmic reticulum
a network of passageways in which chemical compounds are manufactured, processed, and transported
golgi apparatus
a stack of membranes that collects, modifies, and packages chemical compounds
lysosome
a small sac, or vesicle, that contains digestive chemicals
mitochondria
organelles that, using oxygen, convert nutrients into energy that can be used by the cell
nuclear membrane
a double-layered membrane that surrounds the nucleus
nucleolus
a small body in the nucleus where ribosomes are synthesized
nucleus
a round body in the cell that contains DNA and regulates gene expression
organelle
a cell structure that performs a a specific function
plastid
a small structure that can store food (leucoplast) or pigment (chromoplast)
ribosome
tiny structure where proteins are synthesized
vacuole
a type of vesicle that stores water, nutrients and other chemicals
the large vacuole found in plant cells helps the cells maintain their shape
vesicle
small, sac-like package of nutrients, proteins, or water created by the golgi apparatus
types include vacuoles and lysosomes
cytoskeleton
tubules and filaments that give the cell its shape
capsule
outermost layer of a bacterial cell which protects the cell
prevents harmful materials from entering, the cell from drying out, and defends the cell from being engulfed by white blood cells
flagellum
a hair-like organelle that the bacterial cell uses for movement
nucleoid
a region inside the bacterial cell that holds most of the genetic material
unlike plant and animal cells, it is not surrounded by a membrane
pilus
found on the bacterial cell surface that attaches bacteria to other surfaces
some pili transfer genetic material between bacterial cells
plasmid
small circular piece of DNA that are independent from the genetic material in the nucleoid
usually have genes that provide the bacteria with an advantage
