The Cell Cycle

Question 1

what happens during the G1 phase

Answer 1

the cell grows

Question 2

what happens during the S phase

Answer 2

dna replication

Question 3

what happens during the G2 phase

Answer 3

preparation for mitosis

Question 4

what happens during the M phase

Answer 4

cell division: mitosis and cytokinesis

Question 5

what difficulties does a cell face as it increases in size

Answer 5

• more demands on dna
• less efficient in moving nutrients and waste materials across the cell membrane

Question 6

when is mitosis used in unicellular organisms

Answer 6

they reproduce using mitosis (asexual reproduction)

Question 7

when is mitosis used in multicellular organisms

Answer 7

use mitosis for growth, repair and development

Question 8

when is sexual reproduction used

Answer 8

produce offspring using gametes (sperm + egg)

Question 9

which type of reproduction creates genetic variation

Answer 9

sexual

Question 10

which type of reproduction is more quick and efficient in a stable environment

Answer 10

asexual

Question 11

genetic information is bundled into packages of dna known as ________

Answer 11

chromosomes

Question 12

karyotype

Answer 12

picture of the chromosomes within a cell

Question 13

homologous chromosomes

Answer 13

each chromosome from the mom has a corresponding chromosome from the dad (carry the same genes)

Question 14

autosome chromosomes

Answer 14

pairs 1-22

Question 15

sex chromosomes

Answer 15

the 23rd pair

Question 16

how many chromosomes do humans have

Answer 16

46, 23 sets from each parent

Question 17

diploid cells (somatic)

Answer 17

have two sets of chromosomes (2n)

Question 18

haploid cells (gametes)

Answer 18

one set of chromosomes (n)

Question 19

what does n stand for

Answer 19

number of chromosomes for species

Question 20

chromatin

Answer 20

loosely packed dna found when the cell is not dividing

Question 21

chromosome

Answer 21

tightly packed dna found when the cell is dividing

Question 22

chromatid

Answer 22

one of the two identical “sister” parts of a duplicated chromosome

Question 23

centromere

Answer 23

area where the chromatids of a chromosome are attached

Question 24

what has to happen before a cell divides

Answer 24

the chromosomes must be replicated in the original parent cell and then separated into the new daughter cells created by cell division

Question 25

G0

Answer 25

cell cycle arrest, a non dividing phase could be temporary or permanent

Question 26

how is the cell cycle regulated

Answer 26

checkpoints embedded throughout the cycle promoting proper cell division

Question 27

what does the G1 checkpoint check for

Answer 27

nutrients, growth factors, dna damage

Question 28

what does the G2 checkpoint check for

Answer 28

cell size and dna replication

Question 29

what does the M checkpoint check for

Answer 29

chromosome spindle attachment

Question 30

apoptosis

Answer 30

programmed cell death to abnormal cells, if not destroyed can lead to cancer

Question 31

what happens during prophase

Answer 31

1. chromatin condenses to form chromosomes 2. nuclear membrane and nucleolus disappears 3. spindle fibers appear and centrioles move to poles

Question 32

what happens during metaphase

Answer 32

1. chromosomes line up in the center of the cell 2. spindle fibers connect to the centromeres

Question 33

what happens during anaphase?

Answer 33

1. chromosomes begin to separate and move toward the poles 2. cell elongates

Question 34

what happens during telophase

Answer 34

1. chromosomes unwind and become chromatin 2. spindle fibers disappear 3. nucleus and nucleolus reform 4. cell begins to divide

Question 35

what does p53 do

Answer 35

arrests the cell cycle until damage is repaired if it doesn't work the damaged cell continues to divide, leading to cancer

Question 36

what are the stem cell types

Answer 36

totipotent, pluripotent, multipotent

Question 37

totipotent

Answer 37

each cell has the capability to develop into a new individual

Question 38

pluripotent

Answer 38

cells can form any cell types

Question 39

multipotent

Answer 39

cells can distinguish, but form different other tissues