cells

Question 1

what WBC are involved in an allergic reaction?

Answer 1

basophils and mast cells

Question 2

what does macrophages contain in their vacoules ?

Answer 2

lysosymes and myeloperoxidases

Question 3

what is eosinophil growth promoted by?

Answer 3

interluken 5

Question 4

what does the granules of eosinophil contain

Answer 4

major basic protein and reactive oxygen species

Question 5

what does the basophil granules contain?

Answer 5

• histamine
• heparin
• leukotrienes
• proteases

Question 6

what does neutrophils have in their granules?

Answer 6

lysosymes and perioxidases

Question 7

hepcidin

Answer 7

hormone that regulates how much iron is in the blood

regulates ron absorption and iron release from macrophages

Question 8

ferratin

Answer 8

insoluble storage form of iron

Question 9

when does 2,3-DPG levels rise and what will this cause?

Answer 9

• excersize
• high altitude
• anaemia.
  This causes promotes the release of oxygen to the tissues.

Question 10

what will transport iron into cells?

Answer 10

transferrin the glycoprotein

Question 11

myoglobin?

Answer 11

• dark red pigment found in muscles only.
• it is a last reserve of oxygen in severe exertion.
• after all myoglobin stores have been used, anaerobic respiration will be used.

Question 11

red blood cell membrane is made of what?

Answer 11

• phospholipids
• glycolipids
• cholesterol

Question 12

haptoglobin

Answer 12

• this mops up free dead haemoglobin and it will be cleared by the liver
• the globin chains will be broken into amino acids.
• iron will be bound to transferrin and returned to the macrophages
• porpyrin ring becomes bilirubin (this is bund to albumin and conjugated to glucuronide- to be extreted in bile from the liver)

Question 13

What are the viral structure components?

Answer 13

• nucleic acid
• capsid
• envelope
• spikes

Question 14

What are mesosomes?

Answer 14

They are folds in the bacterial membrane of prokaryotes that can invaginate and pinch off to form a free organelle in the cell.
They increase the surface area for aerobic respiration.

Question 15

what binds to free haemaglobin?

Answer 15

hepatoglobin

Question 16

explain mathemoglobin?

Answer 16

this is formed when haemoglobin is oxidised to contain iron on the ferric state (Fe3+) rather than the ferrous normal state (Fe2+).
in this state it cannot bind to oxygen.

Question 17

what are the fibrillar proteins found in the ECM?

Answer 17

collagen
elastin
fibronectin
laminin

Question 18

where does production of the collagen fibril take place?

Answer 18

in a membrane tube called FIBRIPOSITOR

Question 19

Oxidoreductases

Answer 19

Oxidation/reduction
Alcohol dehydrogenase

Question 20

Transferases

Answer 20

Transfer of functional groups
Hexokinase

Question 21

Hydrolyses

Answer 21

Hydrolysis reaction (bond breaking)
Trypsin

Question 22

Lyases

Answer 22

Addition of double bonds
Carbonic anhydrase

Question 23

Isomerases

Answer 23

Isomerisation reaction
L-alanine isomerase

Question 24

Ligases

Answer 24

Formation of bonds with ATP cleavage Glutamine synthase

Question 25

Translocases

Answer 25

Catalyses the movement of ions across membranes

Question 26

langerhans calls?

Answer 26

dendritic cells that play an important part in the immune system

Question 27

touch receptors

Answer 27

Meisner corpuscle

Question 28

pain receptors

Answer 28

nocioreceptors

Question 29

pressure receptors

Answer 29

paninian receptors

Question 30

Hexokinase

Answer 30

Low Km Will phosphorylate glucose at low concentration, ensuring the utilisation of glucose. Found in all tissue

Question 31

Glucokinase

Answer 31

High Km Will only phosphorylate glucose when blood glucose concentrations are high and will store it for energy. Found in the liver

Question 32

DIPF organophosphate pesticide

Answer 32

This is an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor - by phosphorylation the serine hydroxyl group located at the active site. Allowing accumulation of neurotransmitters at synapse.

Question 33

Describe the activity of the enzyme PFK?

Answer 33

It will transfer the phosphate to fructose-6- phosphate Important step in glycolysis - PKF will bind ATP at 2 sites In the presence of high ATP levels, atp will bind to the inhibitory site preventing the fructose 6 phosphate from binding, preventing glycolysis from taking place. THIS IS AN EXAMPLE OF FEEDBACK INHIBITION WHEN THE PRODUCT ACTS AS AN INHIBITOR TO PREVENT THE PROCESS FROM CONTINUEING

Question 34

Perinephric cells

Answer 34

These cells will sense low oxygen levels, so mRNA production for epo is increased

Question 35

What is the RBC membrane made from?

Answer 35

Alpha and beta spectrin strands interweaving

Question 36

Cortisol and aldosterone

Answer 36

Cortisol will Increase blood glucose Aldosterone will increase blood pressure.

Question 37

Cortex of adrenal gland

Answer 37

Glandular tissue derived from mesoderm

Question 38

Medulla of adrenal gland

Answer 38

Nervous tissue derived from neural crest