Cells Flashcards by Meryem Bishop

Name the structure and function of a Cell wall

Rigid, supports the cell, Permeable, made of cellulose in plants, chitin in fungi.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Name the structure and function of a Vacuole

Large + permanent (plants), Small + transient (animal). made of cell sap + membrane is a tonoplast. maintains rigid framework

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

List the structure of Chloroplasts.

They are not in roots, in leaves and green parts. Contain own DNA, 70s ribosomes and proteins. Contain network of internal membranes (thylakoid sacs). Multiple of these stacked make grana (granum singular) which make green pigment.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

List the functions of Chloroplasts.

Where photosynthesis occurs. Internal membranes increases photosynthesis surface area. Make own proteins.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

List the structure and function of a cell membrane.

Separates cytoplasm from external environment and is selectively permeable (controlled). Make of phospholipid bilayer.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Name function of cytoplasm

Where reactions take place, part of cytoskeleton. Movement and stability of cells.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Name Structure of the Cytoplasm

Made of Cytosol (water salts and molecules). Part of Cytoskeleton and network of fibres.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Name the structure of the Nucleus

*Nucleus
*Nucleolus
*Nucleoplasm
*Nuclear pores
*Nuclear Envelope
*Made of histone proteins which wrap DNA and form Chromatin, these coil & condense + form Chromosomes.
* These are arranged linearly

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Name the function of the Nucleus

*Store of GI, control metabollic activities.
*Nuclear pores- Allows Material to leave e.g mRNA.
*Nuclear Envelope-Controls what leaves + protects fragile chromosomes from reactions in cytoplasm.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Describe the structure Function of the Nucleolus

*More densely packed.
*RNA and DNA.
*Produces rRNA, ribosomes, mRNA, RNA polymerize etc.
Makes material for proteins synthesis.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Describe the Structure of mitochondria.

*Made of a double membrane with its inner folded to form internal cristae, filled with matrix (fluid) that has chemicals for aerobic respiration.
*Produces own mtDNA + (70s) ribosomes.
*Contains ATP

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is ATP

Molecules that carry energy.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the function of Mitochondria.

*Where the final stages of aerobic respiration occurs
*Produces own mtDNA + (70s) ribosomes to gives energy making materials.
*Matrix has Chemicals for aerobic respiration.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Describe the Structure of Ribosomes

*Made of 2 sub units (small + large)
* Proteins & rRNA
* In RER or floating
*There are 70s and 80s ribosomes

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Describe the function of ribosomes.

Site of Protein Synthesis

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Describe the difference of 70s ribosomes and 80s

*80s- Normal, in Eukaryotic cells.
*70s- smaller, in Prokaryotes, mitochondria, chloroplasts.
* Refers to sedimentary level, 70s are therefore lighter when spun around and left.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Name the structure and function of Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

*Network of membranes with sacs called cisternae.
*Have ribosomes attached for protein synthesis
*Transport of proteins.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Name the structure and function of Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

Study These Flashcards

*Network of membranes with sacs called cisternae.
*Lipid and carb synthesis, storage and transport.
*Detoxification

Name the structure and function of the Golgi Apparatus and vesicles

Study These Flashcards

*Network of membranes with sacs called cisternae.
*Modifies proteins
*Transport e.g lipids, proteins
*Form secretory vesicles (designed to leave)
*Form Lysosomes (to stay in cell)

Describe the structure and function of Vesicles

Study These Flashcards

*Membranous sacs
*Storage and transport

Describe the structure and function of Lysosomes

Study These Flashcards

*Structure of vesicles, specialized version.
* Break down waste/pathogens with hydrolytic enzymes (autolysis)
*Allows recycling of cellular components.
*Can fuse with membrane and release contents of waste leftovers (exocytosis)

Describe the structure and function of Centrioles

Study These Flashcards

*Occur in pairs, one perpendicular
*Part of cytoskeleton and made of microtubules. 9+ 0 arrangement.
* Microtubules in microtubule triplets
*Involved in production of spindle fibres + organisation of chromosomes cell division.
*Role in positioning flagella and cilia

Describe the structure and function of Flagella (Eukaryotic/ undulipodia Flagella)

Study These Flashcards

*9+2 pattern of pairs of microtubules slide over + make beating motion & surrounding contracting cytoplasm = mobility.
*Whip, hair-like structure.
*Mobility, sensory organelle for chemical stimuli
*Energy from ATP

Describe the structure and function of Flagella (Prokaryotic)

Study These Flashcards

*Attached to cell through basal body.
*Rotates from molecular motor
*Energy from chemiosmosis process (to generate ATP)
*Whip, hair-like structure.
*Mobility, sensory organelle for chemical stimuli

Describe the structure and function of cilia

*9+2 pattern of pairs of microtubules slide over + make beating motion & surrounding contracting cytoplasm = mobility. *Stationary and mobile *Stationary- sensory e.g nose *Mobile- beat in rhyme, makes current. E.g trachea to waft mucus.

What are the three components of the cytoskeleton?

Microtubules Intermediate fibres Microfilaments

What is the cytoskeleton?

A Network of fibres in cytoplasm for shape, stabilty and cell signaling (Endocytosis)

Describe the structure and function of Microtubules

*Largest, 25nm diameter *Made of -globular tubulin- proteins which polymerise to form tubes. *Scaffold-like structure, acts as tracks for movement. *e.g Spindle fibres are microtubules *Determines cell shape

Describe the structure and function of Intermediate filaments

*Diameter 10nm *Give mechanical strength to cells.

Describe the structure and function of Actin/Microfilaments

*Smallest 7nm diameter *Made from protein actin. *Controls movement and Cell contraction e.g in Cytokinesis

Describe what cell movement is dependent on

*Dependent on actin filaments in the cytoskeleton. *Lengths in it change from addition and reduction of monomer subunits, the rate is different at each end. *To join the - charge end, ,monomers have to change shape. At + side this is not required, so + increases faster. * Whether added or removed is dependent on concentration in cytoplasm. *This is called treadmilling.

Describe the process of protein secretion

1.) Proteins are synthesised on RER in ribosomes 2.) these move inside cisternae in RER and are packeted into transport vesicles 3.)These are sent to the golgi apparatus via the cytoskeleton & enter cis face. 4.) Travels through the lumen via vesicles and is modified down to the trans face 5.) A newly formed vesicle (secretory vesicle) carries it to the membrane, fuses & expels the protein. (exocytosis)

Describe the main differences of Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes.

Prokaryotes * smaller cells *always unicellular *No membrane bound organelles, more simple. *Smaller 70s ribosomes *Less complex cytoskeleton *Additional features- Plasmids, capsules, flagella + live in extreme pH/ temp. *Reproduce by binary fission, not mitosis

Describe the difference in DNA of Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes.

Prokaryotic *No nucleus, DNA is one molecule, a single chromosome supercoiled to be more compact, organised circular. Free chromosomal DNA *In the nucleoid *Plasmids- additional loops of DNA in some bacteria, extra genes. *Genes grouped into operons (multiple turned off at the same time. Eukaryotic *Inside Nucleus, DNA multiple chromosomes supercoiled. Organised linear *Wrapped in histone proteins

Describe the difference between the prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell walls.

*Prokaryotic- Made of peptidoglycan, a glycoprotein. *Always present. *Eukaryotic- (Plants) Microfibrils, a cellulose polymer. (Fungi) Chitin a Nitrogen containing polysaccaride. *Sometimes present.

Describe the structure and function of a capsule in Prokaryotic cells.

*A slimy layer made of protein *Prevents desiccation (drying out) *Reduces detection by hosts immunity.

What is Endosymbiosis?

Theory Eukaryotic cells were prokaryotes that were taken as a Endosymbiont (Organism that lives in cells of another)

How do Prokaryotes steal other prokaryotes genes?

Pillias (almost little wrinkles) allow the prokaryote to join to other bacteria and steal them.

What are the diameters of 70s and 80s ribosomes?

70s- 18nm 80s- 22nm

What are the diameters of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

Prokaryotic- 0.5 -5 µm Eukaryotic- 20-40 µm

What are the mesosomes?

* Energy, ATP production of prokaryotic cells * final stages of aerobic respiration * However these many not actual exist and may be from an electron microscope distortion as new advanced microscopes do not detect these.

In the theory of endosymbiosis, where do mitochondria come from?

Mesosomes in prokaryotes

How is the capsule beneficial to the cell in prokaryotes

*Prevents drying out *Prevents the cell detection

Cells Flashcards

(43 cards)