Histology > Cells and Cell Organization > Flashcards

Cells and Cell Organization Flashcards

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1
Q

What are Somatic Cells?

A
  1. Create Tissues and Organs
    * EXCEPT Spermatozoa or Oocytes
  2. ONLY undergo MITOSIS
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2
Q

What are Germ Line Cells?

A
  1. Final differentiated form
    * Spermatozoon and Oocyte
  2. Undergo MITOSIS until gametogenesis occurs
    * Then undergoes MEIOSIS
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3
Q

What is the size of a mammalian cell?

A
  1. 5 to 50 µm (micrometers)
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4
Q

What is the Characteristics of a Healthy Cell?

A
  1. Uniform size
  2. Round, open nuclei
  3. Uniform cytoplasm
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5
Q

What are the Characteristics of a Necrotic Cell?

A
  1. Swollen Cells
  2. Pyknotic Nuclei
  3. Condensed Cells
  4. Dead Cells
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6
Q

What is Cytoskeleton?

A
  1. Filamentous protein that fills the cytoplasm
    * Links components and regions of the cell
  2. Structural Components
  • Microfilaments
  • Microtubules
  • Intermediate filaments
  1. Responsible
  • Cell shape
  • Cell motility
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7
Q

What are Microfilaments?

A
  1. Protein fibers
    * 3-6 nm in diameter
  2. Myosin II
    * During constricting; Cytokinesis during Mitosis
  3. Myosin I
    * Endocytosis
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8
Q

What is Microtubules?

A
  1. 20-25 nm in Diameter
  2. Composed of alpha- beta subunits of Tubulin
  3. Depends on Ca2+, Mg2+ concentrations of Tubulin
  4. Determine Cell Shape
  5. Organize
    * Axonemes in cytoplasmic extensions called Cilia and Flagella
  6. Form Spindle Fibers
  7. Polymerization of tubulins
  • Directed by microtubule organizing centers (MTOCs)
    • Contain short assemblies of tubulin acting as nucleating sites for polymerization
    • Centrosome- contain dominant MTOC
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9
Q

What drugs disrupt Microtubules?

A
  1. Colchicin
  2. Vinblastin
  3. Paclitaxel

*Blocks activity of mitotic spindle in neoplastic cells

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10
Q

What are Intermediate Filaments?

A
  1. 8-10 nm diameter
  2. Mechanical stability
  3. Vimentin
  • Class III intermediate filament protein
    • Derived from Embryonic Mesenchyme
  1. Glial fibrillar acidic protein (GFAP)
    * Found especially in astrocytes
  2. Lamins
    * Form structural framework inside nuclear envelope
  3. Keratins or cytokeratins
  • Found in all epithelial cells
  • Form large bundles (tonofibrils)
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11
Q

What are 9 Membrane Organelles?

A
  1. Nucleus
  2. Rough ER
  3. Smooth ER
  4. Golgi apparatus
  5. Vesicle
  6. Vacuole
  7. Lysosome
  8. Peroxisome
  9. Mitochondria
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12
Q

What are 7 Nonmembrane Organelles?

A
  1. Nucleolus
  2. Ribosome
  3. Microtubules
  4. Microfilaments
  5. Centriole
  6. Cilia
  7. Flagella
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13
Q

What is Nucleoplasm?

A
  1. Also called KARYOPLASM
    * Jellylike material within a cell nucleus
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14
Q

What is the Nuclear Envelope?

A
  1. Double membrane
    * Lipid bilayer; no carbohydrates
  2. Intermembrane space
  • Called Perinuclear Cisterna (30-50 nm)
  • Continuous with ER
  1. Outer nuclear membrane
  • Filled with Ribosomes
  • Continuous with rER
  1. Inner nuclear membrane
    * Attached to Nuclear Lamina

*Inner and Outer Nuclear membrane connected by Nuclear Pore Complexes (NPCs)

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15
Q

What is Nuclear Lamina?

A
  1. Provides support to Nuclear Envelope
  2. Lamins
    * Class V intermediate filament
  3. Direct cell cycle regulation and cell differentiation
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16
Q

What is Nuclear Pores?

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A
  1. 70 nm diameter
  2. Nucleoporins
    * Core protein that display 8-fold symmetry
  3. Function
    * Permit and regulate molecular transfer in both directions
17
Q

What is Chromatin?

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A
  1. Consist
  • DNA (contains most genetic info)
  • Associated histone
  • Nonhistone proteins
  1. Human cell DNA 2mm with 3.2 billion base pairs
  2. Packaged within nucleus with the assistance of Histones
18
Q

What is Euchromatin?

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A
  1. Uncoiled
  2. Relaxed chromatin
  3. Active in Transcription
  4. Visible
  • Light Microscope lightly stained in basophilic area
  • Dispersed granular material in Electron Microscope
19
Q

What is Heterochromatin?

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A
  1. Condensed Chromatin
  2. Inactive DNA
    * Not transcribing
  3. Visible
  • Light microscope- Intensely basophilic clumps
  • Electron microscope- Electron-dense material
20
Q

What is the Nucleolus?

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A
  1. Knot of Chromatin
  2. Site of ribosomal RNA synthesis
    * Ribosomal subunit assembly
  3. Contain filaments
  • Collectly called Pars Fibrosa
    • Formed from newly transcribed ribosomal RNA
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