Year 1 > Cells & Tissues > Flashcards

Cells & Tissues Flashcards

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1
Q

What are cells?

A

Cells are the smallest units of life in the body

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2
Q

Who made the Cell theory?

A

Robert Hooke

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3
Q

What is the cell theory?

A
  • All living organisms are made up of one or more cells
  • Cells are the fundamental unit of life
  • Cells originate only from preexisting cells
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4
Q

What are cell organs called?

A

Organelles

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5
Q

Which fluid do organelles contain?

A

Cytoplasm

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6
Q

What does cytoplasm contain?

A
  • Nutrients
  • Chemicals
  • Other solutes
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7
Q

List the 6 organelles

A
  1. Nucleus
  2. Mitochondria
  3. Rough & Smooth ER
  4. Golgi apparatus
  5. Ribosomes
  6. Lysosomes
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8
Q

What is the function of the Nucleus?

A

The control centre of the cell and contains the cells DNA

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9
Q

What does DNA do before a cell divides?

A

Replicates itself so each new cell gets an identical copy of genetic material

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10
Q

What happens to DNA when a cell divides?

A

Chromatin threads form 23 pairs of chromosomes (46 in total)

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11
Q

What are the 3 functions of the Cytoskeleton?

A
  1. Gives the cell its shape
  2. Gives the cell strength
  3. The “Skeleton” for the cell
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12
Q

What is Cytoplasm?

A

The gel-like material surrounding the nucleus and inside the cell

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13
Q

What is the liquid part of the Cytoplasm called and what does it do?

A

Cytosol which suspends other elements

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14
Q

What are Cytoplasmic inclusions?

A

Non-functioning materials (they do not actively do work but have a role)

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15
Q

Give an example of Cytoplasmic inclusions:

A
  • The cell wall of the cell (gives cell its shape)
  • The cell membrane (controls what comes in and out)
  • Vacuoles (store materials)
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16
Q

What are the 2 functions of Mitochondria?

A
  1. Produce ATP for cell energy
  2. Regulate metabolism
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17
Q

Describe the structure of Mitochondria?

A

Sausage shaped and contains DNA and Ribosomes

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18
Q

Which organelle is the “Power house” of the cell?

A

Mitochondria

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19
Q

What is the overall function of the Rough & Smooth ER?

A

Helps make and move proteins in the cell

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20
Q

What is the function of the Ribosomes?

A

To make proteins

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21
Q

What are the 2 functions of the smooth ER?

A
  1. Synthesises lipids & steroids
  2. Involved in detoxification of some drugs (removing)
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22
Q

Describe the structure of the Smooth ER:

A

Smooth on the sides

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23
Q

What is the function of the Rough ER?

A

Makes and transports proteins (Protein synthesis)

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24
Q

Describe the structure of the Rough ER?

A

Tiny ribosomes attached to it

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25
What is the function of Lysosomes?
Recycling centre which have enzymes that break down waste products in the cell
26
Describe the structure of Lysosomes:
- Vesicle - Membranous walls
27
What is the function of the Golgi Apparatus?
Synthesise and export proteins
28
What is the function of the Fibroblasts?
They hold things together
29
What is the structure of Fibroblasts?
- They have fibres - Have a nucleus
30
What is the function of the Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes)
Carry oxygen from the lungs to the body and remove carbon dioxide
31
What is the structure of Red Blood Cells?
- No nucleus which maximises its capacity to carry as much oxygen as it can - Binocave
32
What is the 2 functions of muscle cells?
1. Contract muscles to shorten 2. Move the body
33
What is the structure of the Skeletal muscle cell?
- Has a nuclei (more than 1 nucleus) - Has contractile filaments which moves the muscles
34
What is the function of the Fat cells?
Insulate us and give us energy because of the nutrients it stores
35
What is the function of the Macrophage?
Eats foreign objects to fight diseases
36
What is the 2 functions of the Nerve cell?
1. Gathers information 2. Controls body functions
37
What is the structure of a Nerve cell?
- Dendrites that receives messages - Cell body which holds nucleus - Axon that sends messages - Myelin Sheath which speeds up messages
38
What is the function of the Sperm?
Swims and fertilises egg cells
39
Describe the structure of a sperm cell:
- The head contains the nucleus - The flagellum is a tail that helps the sperm swim towards the egg
40
What is the the function of the Microvilli?
These increase the surface area for absorption
41
Explain where you would find the Microvilli and the structure of this:
- In the Stomach where the Small Intestines are - Tiny finger like structures
42
What is the function of the Cilia?
Trap dust
43
Explain where you would find the Cilia and the structure of this:
- In the Nose and Respiratory system - Tiny hair like structures
44
What is Cellular respiration?
How cells make energy by turning glucose and oxygen into ATP (energy) and producing carbon dioxide and water
45
What is ATP?
Energy that cells use
46
What is the function of ATP?
To supply our cells with energy
47
What is the function of the Cell membrane
Separates the inside of the cells from the outside environment
48
What is another word for Cell membrane?
Phospho-lipid
49
What are the two layers in the Cell membrane called?
Head and Tails
50
What is the “Heads” layer of the Cell membrane?
Water loving so it is hydrophilic and will bring in water
51
What is the “Tails” layer of the Cell membrane?
Water hating so it is Hydrophobic and will repel water
52
What are the two ways things get in and out of the Cell?
1. The Cell membrane has holes 2. Different types of transport
53
What do we mean by the Cell membrane being selectively permeable?
It chooses what comes in and out of the cell
54
What is Passive transport?
The movement of substances across a semi-permeable membrane from a high to a low concentration (no energy ATP needed)
55
What is Active transport?
The movement of substances from a low to a high concentration (energy from ATP is needed)
56
Which transport requires ATP?
Active transport
57
List 3 examples of Passive transport:
1. Diffusion 2. Facilitated diffusion 3. Osmosis
58
List 3 examples of Active transport:
1. Sodium Potassium Pump 2. Endocytosis 3. Exocytosis
59
What is Endocytosis and Phagocytosis? (Cell eating)
This is when a cell engulfs large particles like bacteria
60
What is Exocytosis?
This is where a cell releases substances like waste
61
What is Pinocytosis?
This is when the cell drinks tiny drops of liquid
62
What is Diffusion?
This is the movement of chemical particles from a high concentration to a low concentration (passive transport)
63
What is Facilitated Diffusion?
This is the movement of particles from a high concentration to a low concentration however, needs help with glucose and amino acids (passive transport)
64
What is Osmosis?
Osmosis is the diffusion of water molecules across a semi-permeable membrane from an area of low solute concentration (no water) to an area of high solute concentration (water)
65
What are the 4 primary Tissue types?
1. Epithelium 2. Connective tissue 3. Muscle 4. Nervous tissue
66
What are the 3 functions of the Epithelial tissue?
1. To cover our organs which protects us from dehydration 2. Secrete substances 3. Absorb minerals
67
Where is the Epithelial tissue found?
In the Glands
68
What are the 4 types of Epithelial tissue?
1. Simple 2. Squamous 3. Cuboidal 4. Columnar
69
What are the 5 functions of the Connective tissue?
1. Structural support 2. Binding 3. Transport 4. Insulation 5. Protection
70
How is the Connective tissue arranged?
They are more widely separated from each other
71
What is the function of the Nervous tissue?
To send impulses to other areas of the body
72
What is the structure of the Nervous tissue?
Contains Neurons (nerve cells) and Support cells
73
What are the 2 types of Muscle tissues ?
1. Smooth 2. Striated
74
Where can you find the Smooth muscle?
In internal organs
75
What is the function of the Smooth muscle?
To contract involuntarily, rhythmically
76
Where can you find the Striated muscle?
In Skeletal muscles
77
What is the function of the Striated muscle?
Contracts voluntarily
78
What does Involuntarily mean?
Automatic so without thinking
79
What does Voluntarily mean?
Conscious decision so you decide
80
What is the Adipose tissue made of?
Fat cells
81
Where can you find Adipose tissue?
In the areolar tissue
82
What are the 2 types of Adipose tissue?
1. White 2. Brown
83
What is Bone made of?
Osteocytes and Calcium
84
What is the structure of long bones?
Ends - spongy or cancellous bone Shaft - compact bone surrounding medullary cavity with bone marrow
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