Year 1 > The Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

The Cardiovascular System Flashcards

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1
Q

Which 2 organs are included in the Circulatory System?

A
  1. The Heart
  2. The Blood Vessels
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2
Q

What is the role of the 2 organs in the Circulatory System?

A

To Transport substances around the body

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3
Q

What is the function of the Heart?

A

To pump blood

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4
Q

What is the function of the Blood vessels?

A

To hold the blood and direct it around the body

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5
Q

What is the function of the Blood?

A

The fluid which carries all the substances like oxygen, nutrients, cells and waste products

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6
Q

What is the Pulmonary circuit?

A

A part of the circulatory system that carries blood between the heart and lungs to oxygenate the blood

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7
Q

What is the Systemic circuit?

A

This is part of the Circulatory system which carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the rest of the body and returns deoxygenated blood back to the heart

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8
Q

What are the 4 chambers of the heart?

A
  1. Right Atrium
  2. Right Ventricle
  3. Left Atrium
  4. Left Ventricle
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9
Q

Why does the left Atrium have thicker walls?

A

To pump blood all the way around the body

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10
Q

What is the function of the Vena Cava?

A

Where deoxygenated blood flows from the body into the heart

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11
Q

What is the function of the Right Atrium?

A

Fills with blood and contracts and pumps the blood into the Right Ventricle

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12
Q

What is the function of the Pulmonary Artery?

A

Pumps blood to the lungs where it can become oxygenated

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13
Q

What is the function of the Right Ventricle?

A

Contracts and pumps blood to the Pulmonary Artery

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14
Q

How does blood leave the lungs?

A

Via the Pulmonary Vein

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15
Q

What is the function of Pulmonary Vein?

A

To carry blood to the left Atrium

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16
Q

What is the function of the Left Ventricle?

A

To contract and pump blood to the Aorta

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17
Q

What is the function of the Aorta?

A

To pump blood around the body to our tissues where gas exchange takes place then comes back to the Vena Cava to restart this process

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18
Q

How does the Heart get oxygenated blood?

A

By the Coronary Arteries

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19
Q

What is the function of the Coronary Arteries?

A

To make sure the Heart gets all the oxygen and nutrients it needs to keep contracting

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20
Q

Where do Arteries carry blood?

A

Away from the heart

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21
Q

Where do Veins carry blood?

A

To the Heart

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22
Q

Explain how blood flows through the Heart:

A

Deoxygenated blood flows through the inferior Vena Cava then blood enters the Right Atrium which contracts, pushing the blood to the Tricuspid valve which flows to the Right Ventricle. The Right Ventricle then contracts pushing blood to the Pulmonary Valve which then goes to the Pulmonary Artery. The Pulmonary Artery takes blood to the lungs where gas exchange will take place. Blood is now oxygenated and will travel thorough the Pulmonary Vein to the Left Atrium. The Left Atrium will then contract to the Mitral Valve into the Left Ventricle this then contracts and pumps blood through the Aortic Valve and out the Aorta which carries blood around the body.

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23
Q

What is the function of the Red Blood cells?

A

To transport oxygen

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24
Q

What is the function of the White Blood cells?

A

To fight infections

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25
What is the function of Platelets?
To help blood clotting which is important to heal injuries
26
What side of the heart does Deoxygenated blood flow through?
The Right side
27
What side of the heart does Oxygenated blood flow throughv
The Left side
28
What is the upper side of the Heart called?
The Atria
29
Describe the flow of Deoxygenated blood through the heart:
Deoxygenated blood flows into the Right Atrium from the Vena Cava, through the Tricuspid Valve into the Right Ventricle, and then through the Pulmonary Valve into the Pulmonary Artery.
30
What are the 3 main layers of the Heart?
1. Pericardium 2. Myocardium 3. Endocardium
31
What is the Pericardium?
A protective sac around the Heart
32
What are the 2 functions of the Pericardium?
1. Keeps the Heart in place and Protects the Heart 2. Has fluid to stop Friction while the Heart beats
33
What is the Myocardium?
The thick, middle layer of the Heart made of Cardiac muscle cells
34
What is the function of the Myocardium?
Contains specialised Cells which allows the Heart to contract and relax involuntarily
35
What is the Endocardium?
The smooth inner layer
36
What is the function of the Endocardium?
To line the Chambers and Valves
37
Explain how Blood flows to the Heart:
The Coronary Arteries deliver blood to the Myocardium. The Coronary Veins will then drain blood into the Coronary Sinus which will empty into the Right Atrium.
38
What is the Cardiac Conduction System?
These are Specialised cells within the Myocardium that have the ability to generate Electrical impulses
39
What happens when the Specialised Cells during Cardiac Conduction send Electrical Impulses?
The impulses trigger organised contractions within the muscle cells of the Atria and Ventricles
40
What is Heart Rate?
The number of Ventricle contractions in one minute
41
What is Stroke Volume?
The Volume of Blood ejected from a Ventricle during one systole (cardiac cycle)
42
How do we calculate Cardiac Output? (CO)
CO (ml/min) = HR (beats/min) x SV (ml/beat)
43
What is Coronary Artery Disease?
When the Coronary Arteries become narrow or blocked
44
What can happen as a result of Coronary Artery Disease?
Myocardial Ischaemia
45
What is Heart Failure?
when the Cardiac output is insufficient to meet the body’s circulatory needs
46
What are the 2 versions of Heart Failure?
1. Acute 2. Chronic
47
Which side of the heart can Heart Failure affect?
Either side
48
What is Blood Pressure?
Pressure applied by blood on arterial wall
49
How do we calculate Blood Pressure?
BP = CO x Peripheral vascular resistance (PVR)
50
What is Systolic BP?
Pressure in the arterial system when ventricles contract and push blood into the aorta
51
What is Diastolic BP?
Pressure within arteries during ventricular diastole
52
What is Pulse?
The wave of distension in an artery wall due to contraction of the left ventricle
53
What are some causes of Hypotension?
- Abnormal heart rhythm - Dehydration - Bleeding - Heart failure - Severe infection
54
What are some causes of Hypertension?
- Old age - High salt intake - Obesity - Genetic predisposition - Renal disease
55
What is the SA Node?
The natural pacemaker located in the right atrium which initiates the heartbeat
56
What is the AV Node?
What acts as a gateway to the ventricles, delaying impulses to ensure proper filling
57
What is the Bundle of His?
What divides into right and left bundle branches, conducting impulses to the ventricles
58
What is an Electrocardiogram (ECG)?
A recording of the hearts electrical activity
59
What is the P Wave in an ECG?
The Atrial depolarisation (electrical activity spreading through the Atria) (Atria contractions to the Ventricles)
60
What is the QRS Complex of an ECG and what are their different roles?
The Ventricular depolarisation (electrical activity spreading through the Ventricles) (Ventricle contractions to the lungs) Q - Downwards R - Upwards spike S - Downwards ^^^
61
What is the T Wave of and ECG?
The Ventricular repolarisation (Ventricles relaxing and preparing for the next heartbeat)
62
What is Mitral Valve Prolapse?
A condition where the mitral valve does not close properly which allows blood backflow
63
What is a normal Body Temperature for Adults?
37 degrees
64
What is a normal Body Temperature for Children?
36.4 - 37.5 degrees
65
What is a normal Blood Pressure reading for Adults?
Less than 120/80mmHg
66
What is a normal Blood Pressure reading for Children?
Adolescents - Less than 120/80mmHg 3-5 years - 97-112 / 57-71mmHg 2 years - 95-105 / 53-66mmHg Birth -1 - 87-105 / 53-66mmHg Neonates - 60-90 / 20-60mmHg
67
What is the normal Oxygen Levels for Adults?
Between 95% - 100%
68
What is the normal Oxygen Levels for Children?
Between 95% - 100%
69
What is the normal Respiration rate for Adults?
Between 12-20 breaths/pm
70
What is the normal Respiration rate for Children?
Birth - 1 year - 30/60 breaths/pm 1-3 years - 24-40 breaths/pm 3-6 years - 22-34 breaths/pm 6-12 years - 18-30 breaths/pm 12-18 years - 12/16 breaths/pm
71
What is the normal Heart rate of an Adult?
60-100 b/pm
72
What is the normal Heart rate of a Child?
birth to 3 months - 100–150 bpm awake, 90–160 bpm sleeping 1 to 3 years - 70–110 bpm awake, 80–120 bpm sleeping 3 to 5 years - 65–110 bpm awake, 65–100 bpm sleeping 6 to 12 years - 60–95 bpm awake 13 to 18 years - 60–100 bpm
73
What is the normal Spirometry of an Adult?
Between 95% - 100%
74
What is the normal Spirometry of a Child?
Between 95% - 100%
75
What is Spirometry?
A common breathing test that measures how much air your lungs can hold and how quickly you can blow it out
76
What is Venous return?
The volume of Blood returning to the Heart, which is crucial for determining Cardiac Output
77
What are the 4 factors Venous return is influenced by?
1. Pressure Gradient 2. Skeletal Muscle Pumps 3. Gravity 4. Breathing Pumps
78
What is Pressure Gradient in Venous return?
The difference between venous pressure and right atrial pressure which drives blood back to the heart
79
What is Skeletal Muscle Pumps in Venous return?
When Muscles surrounding veins contract and push blood upwards, aided by one-way valves that prevent backflow
80
What is Gravity in Venous return?
Blood from the head and neck that flows downhill to the heart, while lower body blood must overcome gravity, which can lead to pooling if standing still
81
What are Breathing Pumps in Venous return?
Changes in thoracic pressure during breathing which help facilitate venous return by altering abdominal pressure
82
Explain the 4 Mechanisms of Venous return:
Pressure Gradient: A higher venous pressure compared to right atrial pressure enhances venous return. Constriction of veins can increase resistance but may also elevate blood pressure, promoting venous return. Skeletal Muscle Pump: During physical activity, muscle contractions push blood toward the heart, preventing pooling and increasing cardiac output. Gravity: While gravity assists blood flow from the upper body, it poses challenges for blood returning from the lower body, potentially leading to fainting if venous return is insufficient. Breathing Mechanism: Inhalation decreases thoracic pressure and increases abdominal pressure, aiding in blood return to the heart.
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