Cerebral Cortex

Question 0

6 layers each column will respond to….?

Answer 0

• distinct types of cells in each layer that are different from each other - lamina - each column will respond to a certain stimulus - spatial organization

Question 1

cerebral cortex (cortex = bark) Bulges? Folds?

Answer 1

• outermost structure, covering most of the brain - divided into four lobes: Occipital, Temporal, Parietal, Frontal - evolutionarily recent - esp. expanded in humans - higher order math and reasoning - 6 layers (lamina) - highly convoluted, 2/3 hidden in folds, if unfolded = ~2.5ft^2 sheet, 3mm thick - Bulges: Gyri (singular: Gyrus) - Folds: Sulci: (singular: Sulcus) or Fissures (if very deep)

Question 2

Occipital Lobe

Answer 2

• ventral posterior - Visual Processing - includes primary projection area (V1 or Striate) from LGN of Thalamus and some higher visual areas - color processing, plus a range of spatial frequencies ( e.g. high for faces, low for setting)

Question 3

Corpus Callosum

Answer 3

• inferior to Cingulate Gyrus, superior to rest of Limbic System - a bundle of axons communicating between the two hemispheres of the Cerebral Cortex

Question 4

Central Sulcus

Answer 4

divides Parietal from Frontal

Question 5

Lateral Sulcus

Answer 5

marks Temporal from rest of Cortex

Question 6

IT - Inferior Temporal

Answer 6

• highest visual area along “Who/What” Visual pathway

Question 7

Dorsal Pathway

Answer 7

• Where is it? - How do i get to it/interact with it? - engaging with visual input

Question 8

Temporal Lobe

Answer 8

• lateral - HIGHER VISUAL, AUDITION, EMOTIONAL AND LANGUAGE COMPREHENSION - lateral fissure: divides temporal from frontal - A1 - includes primary Auditory projection area (A1) from MGN of Thalamus and higher Auditory areas including WERNICKES AREA (in left hemisphere) involved in language comprehension - first place auditory info is sent from the Thalamus - includes highest visual area (IT) along “who/what” visual pathway - also implicated in EMOTIONAL expression and interpretation, esp right hemisphere

Question 9

Parietal Lobe

Answer 9

• dorsal posterior - Higher visual, somatosensory processing and spatial mapping primary projection area S1 for Somatosensory info from VPN of Thalamus, maps body surface - touch, temperature, pain - Penfield Map of body surface along the Postcentral Gyrus, just posterior to Central Sulcus - also included highest areas of “Where/How” Visual Pathway - includes many MOTION SENSITIVE cells, including Optic Flow Detectors - also part of “Mirror Cell” system - how to do things, how to negotiate with the world

Question 10

Frontal Lobe

Answer 10

• anterior - involves the ability to recognize future consequences resulting from current actions, to choose between good and bad actions (or better and best), override and suppress socially unacceptable responses, and determine similarities and differences between things or events. - Motor Cortex, Language Production, and Stragety - Precentral Gyrus - Premotor Areas - Prefrontal Cortex

Question 11

Precentral Gyrus

Answer 11

• anteior to Central Suclus = Motor Cortex - step, speaking, walk, commands, etc… - mpas of body like S1 but for motor control
• in frontal lobe

Question 12

Premotor Areas

Answer 12

• sets things up to enable the Motor Cortex to carry out its commands - adjacent to motor cortex, implicated in planned movement - includes mirror cells (w/Parietal) which respond to seeing self or other perform familiar manual tasks - includes BROCA’S area (ventral to motor cortex) specialized for language production

Question 13

Prefrontal Cortex damage results in?

Answer 13

• most anterior portion involved in planning, self control - Humans’ most developed - damage = deficits in emotional expression, social inhibition, planning, impulse control - Prefrontal Lobotomy = sever connections, once common treatment for excitable psychotics

Question 14

Wernicke’s Area is in which hemisphere?

Answer 14

LEFT

Question 15

V1 or…?

Answer 15

… or Striate primary visual cortex.

It is highly specialized for processing information about static and moving objects and is excellent in pattern recognition.

Question 16

Location of Corpus Callosum

Answer 16