The _______ has roles in language, abstract thinking, adaptation to environment…
Cerebral cortex
_____ makes up most of cortex, 95% total cortex in humans.
Neocortex (6 layers)
The 6 layers (not including the neocortex) of the the cortex are divided into 2 groups, what are they?
Paleocortex = base of brain. 3 layers Archicortex = most of hippocampus. 3 layers
What is the most prevalent type of neuron?
The pyramidal cell
Describe Pyramidal cells…
Have long axons to other cortical area and subcortical sites
- excitatory (glutamate) synapses
- Have dendritic spines
Where is the preferential site of excitatory synapses?
Dendritic spines
* some Forms of intellectual disability may be associated with poor spine development (Autism, Fragile X syndrome)
What is a non pyramidal cell?
All cortical neuron that are not pyramidal cells….No kidding.
- diverse
- tend to have short axons that remain in cortex.
- most make inhibitory (GABA) synapses
What are the 6 layers of the Neocortex from top to bottom?
- molecular layer
- External granular layer
- Internal granular layer
- External pyramidal layer
- Internal pyramidal layer
- Multiform layer.
_____ cortex has fewer projections.
Granular
Areas that send off long axons would have more of what type of cells?
Pyramidal cells
True or Flase. The primary sensory area has lots of pyramidal cells
False, the primary sensory is nearby cortex so no need for long axons of pyramidal cells.
Granular and agranular cortex is _______ distributed.
Irregularly
What are the regions of the Neocortex?
- Primary sensory areas = receives info from thalamic sensory really nuclei.
- Primary Motor areas = Areas that give rise to much of corticospinal tract
- Association areas
- Limbic Areas
Describe the Sensory areas of the Neocortex…
- Have a topographical organization where the body surface, range of frequencies, visual world are mapped out on cortical surface.
- Map is distorted so that highly sensitive areas (fingers) have disproportionately large cortical representation.
Where is the Gustatory cortex?
Frontal lobe (operculum) and Insula
Where is vestibular cortex?
Superior temporal gyrus and posterior Gyrus & insula.
Is the Primary olfactory cortex paleocortical or neocortical?
Paleocortical
The Olfactory cortex consist of what structures?
- Cortex near lateral olfactory tract aka. piriform cortex
- Cortex covering amygdala (periamygdala)
- Small part of parahippocampal gyrus
_______ mediate higher function mental functions such as Language, art, music etc.
Association Areas
What are the two types of association areas?
- Unimodal association cortex = adjacent to primary area & is devoted to elaborating on business of primary area.
- Multimodal association cortex = High level intellectual functions.
What is the dominant hemisphere?
Hemisphere that produces and comprehends language.
Which side dominance is rare?
Right hemisphere is rare, most people are left dominance.
What is the Planum Temporale?
Part of superior temporal gyrus post. to primary auditory cortex.
What are the Perisylvian language areas?
- Broca’s area in inf. froantl gyrus.
- Wernicke’s area in post. part of superior temporal gyrus, continuing into planum temporale and inferior parietal lobule.
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Forebrain and Limbic System71
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Basal ganglia21
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Auditory and vestibular system65
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Olfactory and Visual systems59
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#1 Reticular Formation51
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Cerebral Cortex46
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Embryo- Development of the Great Vessels - Leah Hunter35
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HISTO - Circulatory System51
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HISTO - Lymphatic System23
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#1 Cerebellum36
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Development of Respiratory system - Leah22
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Respiratory System - Histo62
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The Thoracic Wall, Lungs and Middle Mediastinum47
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Heart - Gross48
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The Superior and Posterior Mediastinum - gross45
