1
Q
What is the primary goal of Command Function 4?
A
To use a standard approach to determine the strategy and to develop and implement an incident action plan
This function focuses on the overall operational approach to an incident.
2
Q
What are the two types of strategies defined in incident command?
A
- Offensive
- Defensive
Offensive strategy involves operations inside the Hot Zone, while defensive strategy involves operations outside.
3
Q
What is the first priority of the Incident Commander (IC)?
A
Define the Hot Zone
The Hot Zone may include the collapse zone depending on the incident.
4
Q
The Incident Action Plan (IAP) outlines what?
A
The tactical details and plan for resolving the incident problem
The IAP must reflect the operational strategy.
5
Q
True or false: The strategy decision serves as the basis for the incident action plan.
A
TRUE
The order of development is strategy first, followed by the IAP.
6
Q
What must the IC evaluate to determine the most effective action?
A
The incident’s critical factors
Initial actions set the stage for the incident’s progression.
7
Q
What are the Eight Critical Factors that must be aligned when determining the strategy and IAP?
A
- Firefighters’ Safety
- Life Safety
- Incident Stabilization
- Property Conservation
- Customer Stabilization
- [Additional factors not specified]
These factors guide the decision-making process for incident management.
8
Q
What does the Hot Zone refer to?
A
The IDLH and/or collapse zone of the incident
Firefighters inside the Hot Zone must wear proper PPE.
9
Q
What is the Warm Zone?
A
The area between the Hot and Cold Zones
This area may become contaminated and requires PPE.
10
Q
What is the Cold Zone?
A
The area beyond the apparatus and command vehicle
Public and media are permitted access to the Cold Zone.
11
Q
What is the purpose of declaring the incident’s strategy in the Brief Initial Report (BIR)?
A
To announce the overall incident strategy to everyone
This helps eliminate confusion about operational areas.
12
Q
What is a transitional attack?
A
Applying exterior water to a fire before entering the structure
This technique is recommended for visible fire or turbulent smoke.
13
Q
What must the IC do during elapsed-time notifications (ETN)?
A
Verbally acknowledge each 10-minute notification by re-announcing the incident’s strategy
This maintains awareness of interior crew working time.
14
Q
What are the strategic-level water supply considerations the IC must be aware of?
A
- Required fire flows for the incident
- Projected fire flows producible with the water supply
- Availability of water to extinguish the fire
- Water supply options (hydrants, tankers)
- Adequacy of water supply in key tactical areas
Water is essential for achieving incident priorities.
15
Q
What should crews consider when laying supply lines for single-family dwelling fires?
A
Lay supply lines along the side of the roadway where the hydrant is located
This helps avoid access problems during operations.
16
Q
What is the purpose of welling the hydrant during larger occupancy fires?
A
- Ensures an uninterrupted water supply
- Provides maximum hydrant volume when needed
- Reduces forward scene congestion
- Ability to pump water through the engine in case of mechanical failure
This technique is crucial for maintaining effective water supply.
17
Q
What is the purpose of welling the hydrant during fire operations?
A
- Ensures an uninterrupted water supply
- Provides maximum hydrant volume when needed
- Reduces forward scene congestion
- Allows pumping water through the engine in case of mechanical failure
Welling the hydrant is essential for operations requiring large volumes of water.
18
Q
When should crews consider welling a hydrant?
A
- Any defensive incident
- Supplying aerial master streams
- Hooking to a building system (sprinkler or standpipe)
- Any commercial structure
- Initial intake is less than 50 psi
- Any 5’’ lay of more than 300’
- Apartment complexes
- Elevation gain of 20’ or more from the hydrant to the incident
These conditions ensure adequate water supply during critical operations.
19
Q
What are the three main components of a water shuttle operation?
A
- Transfer Site
- Travel Time
- Fill Site
These components are crucial for effective water supply when hydrants are not available.
20
Q
What is the role of the Transfer Site in a water shuttle operation?
A
Using a tank-to-tank transfer at the scene
This allows the initial engine to begin fire attack using tank water when hydrants are not accessible.
21
Q
Why is Travel Time significant in a water shuttle operation?
A
It affects the ability to produce adequate fire flows
The IC must consider travel times to ensure sufficient water supply during firefighting.
22
Q
What is the Fill Site in a water shuttle operation?
A
A fire hydrant away from the scene used to fill the water shuttle apparatus
The proximity of the fill site to the transfer site influences achievable water flow.
23
Q
What are the Incident Priorities in all-hazard incidents?
A
- Firefighter Safety
- Life Safety
- Incident Stabilization
- Property Conservation
- Customer Stabilization
These priorities guide the incident command in developing a safe and effective Incident Action Plan (IAP).
24
Q
What does Firefighter Safety entail in incident priorities?
A
Protecting crews with essential safety system components
This is the highest priority during firefighting operations.
25
What is the goal of **Life Safety** in incident priorities?
Locate, protect, and remove fire victims
## Footnote
This priority focuses on ensuring the safety of individuals affected by the fire.
26
What does **Incident Stabilization** involve?
Initiating an adequate fire attack and achieving fire control
## Footnote
This priority aims to stabilize the incident and prevent further escalation.
27
What is meant by **Property Conservation** in incident priorities?
Keeping property loss to a minimum
## Footnote
This involves actions taken to protect property during and after a fire incident.
28
What is the **Offensive Incident Action Planning** strategy?
Crews enter the structure to control incident hazards
## Footnote
This strategy is based on critical factors and risk management plans.
29
What are the **benchmarks** for the offensive strategy?
* Primary and Secondary All Clear
* Fire Control
* Loss Stopped
## Footnote
These benchmarks help assess the effectiveness of the firefighting efforts.
30
What does **Overhaul** involve in property conservation?
Completely extinguishing remaining pockets of fire
## Footnote
This process includes checking for extension and hidden fires to stabilize the incident scene.
31
What is the purpose of **Salvage** operations?
To protect property and reduce further damage from water, smoke, heat, and firefighting efforts
## Footnote
Salvage operations aim to minimize the effects of firefighting on property.
32
True or false: **Life Safety** is a lower priority for fires in commercial occupancies without known victims.
TRUE
## Footnote
In such cases, initial actions should focus on extinguishing the fire and ventilating the structure.
33
What are the **salvage objectives** in firefighting operations?
* Stop or reduce the source of damage
* Protect or remove contents
## Footnote
Command should provide for salvage operations at all fires as quickly as the incident allows.
34
What does **overhaul** aim to achieve in firefighting?
* Reduce incidence of secondary fires
* Control loss
* Stabilize the incident scene
* Ensure firefighter safety
## Footnote
Effective overhaul activities reduce the potential for secondary fires.
35
What is the purpose of **firefighter decontamination**?
* Ensure safety and health of firefighters
* Remove harmful contaminants and carcinogens
## Footnote
Decontamination occurs in stages, beginning at the incident scene and continuing at the station.
36
What are the key steps in **firefighter decontamination**?
* Rinsing off debris
* Using specialized cleaning agents
* Ensuring gear is dried and inspected before reuse
## Footnote
Hoods should be exchanged for clean ones before leaving the scene.
37
In a **defensive situation**, what is the primary basis of the strategy?
Protecting firefighters and uninvolved property
## Footnote
Defensive operations represent a standard organizational response when offensive tactics are no longer effective.
38
What are the **defensive priorities** in firefighting?
* Define the Hot Zone
* Establish Cut-offs/Boundaries
* Search exposures
* Protect exposures
## Footnote
The IC must write off lost property and decide where the cut-off/boundary will occur if there are exposures.
39
What should be identified and protected during **defensive operations**?
* All exposures, both immediate and anticipated
## Footnote
Personnel safety and exposure protection are the priorities in defensive operations.
40
What is a **rule of thumb** for defensive water application?
* Master streams are generally the most effective tactic
## Footnote
A standard master stream flow of 750 GPM should be the guideline for all master stream flows.
41
When can personnel enter the structure during **defensive fire operations**?
* Achieving Fire Control
* Structural assessment is complete
* Mitigation plan has been developed and communicated
## Footnote
No personnel will enter the Hot Zone unless the IC goes through the procedure for a strategic shift.
42
What is the goal of **defensive property conservation operations**?
Follow the same procedures as those for offensive loss control efforts
## Footnote
Personnel will remain outside the Hot Zone during operations on a defensive fire.
43
44
45
What is the primary goal of Command Function 4?
To use a standard approach to determine the strategy and to develop and implement an incident action plan.
46
What does the strategy determine relative to the Hot Zone?
Where personnel will be operating relative to the Hot Zone.
47
In Command Function 4, what does offensive mean?
Inside.
48
In Command Function 4, what does defensive mean?
Outside.
49
What is the ICs first priority when defining strategy?
Define the Hot Zone.
50
What does the Incident Action Plan outline?
The tactical details and plan for resolving the incident problem.
51
What comes first, strategy or IAP?
Strategy first.
52
What must the IAP reflect?
The operational strategy.
53
To quickly determine the most effective action, what must the IC evaluate?
The incident’s critical factors.
54
What must be identified and aligned when determining the strategy and IAP?
All Eight Critical Factors.
55
Where do crews operate in an offensive strategy?
Within the Hot Zone.
56
Where do crews operate in a defensive strategy?
Outside of the Hot Zone.
57
What is the primary goal of declaring a strategy?
To keep firefighters out of offensive positions during defensive conditions.
58
What is the first step in applying standard actions to standard conditions?
Identify the incident’s critical factors before taking any action.
59
What is the intended standard outcome of implementing the strategy and IAP?
The extinguishment of the fire without any firefighter injuries.
60
In Command Function 4, what are the two Strategic Decision-Making Model steps emphasized?
Select the correct strategy based on current conditions and develop an incident action plan that addresses priorities.
61
If the standard action does not produce a standard outcome, what is warranted?
A review or revision of the plan.
62
What five Incident Priorities must a complete IAP address?
Firefighters’ Safety, Life Safety, Incident Stabilization, Property Conservation, and Customer Stabilization.
63
What does the Hot Zone consist of?
The IDLH and or collapse zone of the incident.
64
Who cannot be within the Hot Zone?
The public.
65
What is the Warm Zone?
The area between the Hot and Cold Zones.
66
Where are On-Deck crews usually located?
In the Warm Zone.
67
What is the minimum PPE in the Warm Zone?
Steel-toe shoes, pants, a fire helmet, and gloves.
68
When will air packs be worn in the Warm Zone?
When smoke is present.
69
What is the Cold Zone?
The area beyond the apparatus and command vehicle.
70
Who is permitted access to the Cold Zone?
The public and media.
71
How many times is the strategy announced early in the incident?
Three times.
72
When is the strategy first declared?
Upon arrival by the initial IC with limited information.
73
When does the third strategy announcement occur?
When the strategic IC assumes command and verifies the strategy.
74
Does Las Vegas Fire & Rescue combine offensive and defensive operations in the same fire area or compartment?
No.
75
What is a transitional attack?
Applying exterior water to a fire before entering the structure.
76
For what conditions is a transitional attack recommended?
Any visible fire or turbulent smoke.
77
What type of stream is used in a transitional attack?
A straight stream.
78
How long should exterior water be applied during a transitional attack?
10 to 15 seconds.
79
Why is a transitional attack considered an offensive tactic?
Because the intent is to enter the structure immediately after to complete search and extinguishment operations.
80
If conditions do not change after a transitional attack, what should the IC consider?
Shifting to a defensive strategy.
81
If the strategy was not already in the BIR, where must it be included?
In the follow-up report.
82
What becomes the basis for the IAP?
The strategy decision.
83
What must the IC do to the IAP as the incident progresses?
Update it.
84
What identifies the tactical needs the IC must address to accomplish the strategy?
The evaluation of critical factors.
85
Name one example of an offensive IAP task from the document.
Interior handline attack.
86
Name one example of a defensive IAP task from the document.
Master stream attack.
87
When should an IAP be developed, evaluated, reviewed, and refined?
Whenever establishing Command and throughout the incident.
88
In simple cases, how many IAPs may be needed?
A single IAP.
89
In more complex incidents, what may Command require?
A series of connected or progressive IAPs.
90
When should the plan be reviewed and updated?
After completing each benchmark based on the standard Risk Management Plan.
91
What remains the highest priority?
Life safety.
92
What benchmark is announced once all known or potential victims have been removed or confirmed safe?
Primary All Clear.
93
When does the IC report the Fire Control benchmark to Dispatch?
When forward fire progress has been stopped and crews have checked all seven sides for extension.
94
After all salvage and overhaul operations are complete, what benchmark does the IC report?
Loss Stopped.
95
What equals operational control?
Knowing the position and function of all personnel on the scene.
96
When will Dispatch begin elapsed time notifications?
When a working fire is declared.
97
How often will Dispatch announce ETNs?
Every 10 minutes.
98
How must the IC acknowledge each 10-minute notification?
By re-announcing the incident’s strategy over the assigned tactical channel.
99
What reports may the IC request during ETNs to manage the standard company work cycle?
CAAN reports, including air level.
100
When should the IC consider establishing an uninterrupted water supply?
Whenever a working fire is declared.
101
Why is water essential for achieving incident priorities?
It extinguishes the fire and protects firefighters from the lethal products of combustion.
102
For what building fires does the single-family dwelling water supply section apply?
F3L and F3M Building Fires.
103
How should crews lay supply lines relative to the hydrant side of the roadway?
Along the side of the roadway the hydrant is on and cross over at the fire scene if necessary.
104
When should first due companies consider laying their supply line?
When approaching the scene with any evidence of a working structure fire.
105
What is often the best option to increase flows?
Welling the hydrant.
106
Which hydrants should not be used?
Hydrants so close to the fire building that structural failure or fire extension will jeopardize the water supply or apparatus.
107
For what building fires does the larger occupancy water supply section apply?
F3H and F3S Building Fires.
108
Why should initially arriving engines consider welling the hydrant?
To ensure an adequate water supply.
109
Name one reason welling the hydrant is essential.
It ensures an uninterrupted water supply.
110
Name another reason welling the hydrant is essential.
It provides maximum hydrant volume when needed.
111
Name another reason welling the hydrant is essential.
It reduces forward scene congestion.
112
Name another reason welling the hydrant is essential.
It allows pumping water through the engine in the event of mechanical failure.
113
What is one condition requiring crews to well a hydrant?
Any defensive incident.
114
What is another condition requiring crews to well a hydrant?
Supplying aerial master streams.
115
What is another condition requiring crews to well a hydrant?
Hooking to a building system such as a sprinkler or standpipe.
116
What is another condition requiring crews to well a hydrant?
Any commercial structure.
117
What is another condition requiring crews to well a hydrant?
Whenever the initial intake is less than 50 psi.
118
What is another condition requiring crews to well a hydrant?
Any 5 inch lay of more than 300 feet.
119
What is another condition requiring crews to well a hydrant?
An elevation gain of 20 feet or more from the hydrant to the incident.
120
When should Command assign a water shuttle operation?
When there is no hydrant close enough to the scene to provide a water source.
121
What is the key to a successful water shuttle operation?
Minimizing the idle time of the water shuttling apparatus.
122
What must the IC consider if adequate fire flows cannot be established early due to water supply issues?
A defensive strategy.
123
What are the three main components of a water shuttle operation?
Transfer Site, Travel Time, and Fill Site.
124
What is the Transfer Site in a water shuttle operation?
Using a tank-to-tank transfer at the scene.
125
What is Travel Time in a water shuttle operation?
The time it takes to travel between a transfer site and a fill site and back.
126
What is the Fill Site in a water shuttle operation?
A fire hydrant away from the scene used to fill the water shuttle apparatus.
127
Does Las Vegas Fire & Rescue use drafting in water shuttle operations?
No.
128
What does the IC use to manage incident operations?
The radio.
129
What do later companies announce when they arrive at the scene?
Their Level 1 Staging position or push On Scene on the MCT.
130
How does the IC assign units?
With a task, location, and objective or a tactical standard assignment.
131
How does the IC control evolving operations?
By decentralizing Command through the assignment of Division responsibilities.
132
What do Division Supervisors control regarding the Hot Zone?
Access into and out of the Hot Zone based on the current strategy.
133
What does the IC provide Division Supervisors?
Their area’s overall strategy and objectives.
134
What are the all-hazard Incident Priorities?
Firefighter Safety, Life Safety, Incident Stabilization, Property Conservation, and Customer Stabilization.
135
For structural firefighting, what does Life Safety mean?
Locate, protect, and remove fire victims.
136
For structural firefighting, what does Incident Stabilization mean?
Initiate an adequate fire attack and achieve fire control.
137
For structural firefighting, what does Property Conservation mean?
Keep property loss to a minimum.
138
For structural firefighting, what does Customer Stabilization mean?
Connect customers to short-term recovery resources and services.
139
What benchmark corresponds to Search in the offensive strategy?
Primary and Secondary All Clear.
140
What benchmark corresponds to knockdown and all seven sides verified for extension?
Fire Control.
141
What benchmark corresponds to ventilation in place and salvage complete?
Loss Stopped.
142
How does the IC achieve the Fire Control benchmark in offensive fire control operations?
By getting companies around all seven sides of the fire and overwhelming it with water.
143
What are the seven sides of the fire?
The interior, the top, the bottom, and all four sides.
144
What must be confirmed on all seven sides for the IC to have Fire Control?
No extension.
145
What is a Primary Search?
A quick search and clearing of all affected areas.
146
What is a Secondary Search?
A thorough search of the affected occupancy after crews have fully stabilized the structure’s conditions.
147
According to search and rescue rules of thumb, what should crews do before or with the search?
Apply water to the fire.
148
What may crews consider if they expect fire conditions to improve quickly?
Having occupants shelter in place.
149
What standard exit paths must crews protect?
Hallways, stairs, corridors, and exit ways.
150
Where may viable victims be present?
Behind closed doors.
151
What should crews expect when they find one victim?
More victims.
152
Which is more survivable according to the document: a building formerly on fire or a building currently on fire?
A building formerly on fire.
153
What rescue order does the IC use to prioritize search and rescue operations?
The most endangered, the largest group, the remainder of the fire structure, then exposures.
154
How must Command announce completion of the Primary and Secondary Searches?
Over the tactical channel to Dispatch.
155
Name one occupancy type listed as requiring a Primary Search.
Houses.
156
Name another occupancy type listed as requiring a Primary Search.
Apartments.
157
Name another occupancy type listed as requiring a Primary Search.
Hotels.
158
Name another occupancy type listed as requiring a Primary Search.
Hospitals.
159
What do defensive fire conditions represent in terms of survivability?
A zero-survivability profile.
160
Without known victims, what is life safety priority like in commercial occupancies?
Lower priority.
161
Will every structure receive a Primary Search?
No.
162
What do all property conservation efforts start with?
Putting the fire out.
163
What are the two categories of offensive property conservation efforts?
Overhaul and salvage.
164
What does overhaul do?
It extinguishes remaining pockets of fire by opening up areas and checking for extension and hidden fires.
165
What does salvage do?
It protects property and reduces further damage from water, smoke, heat, exposure, and firefighting efforts.
166
When will the IC report Loss Stopped to Dispatch?
Once all affected areas have been adequately overhauled, salvaged, ventilated, and incident conditions have ceased causing damage.
167
What are the two salvage objectives?
Stop or reduce the source of damage and protect or remove contents.
168
What is the goal of overhaul?
To reduce the incidence of secondary fires, control loss, and stabilize the incident scene while ensuring firefighter safety.
169
What does firefighter decontamination ensure?
The safety and health of firefighters after responding to hazardous incidents.
170
Where does firefighter decontamination typically begin?
At the incident scene.
171
Where does firefighter decontamination continue after the scene?
At the station.
172
If apparatus is not integral to fireground operations, where should it be left?
In Level 1 Staging.
173
What should Command designate for gross decontamination of personnel exiting the Hot Zone?
An engine.
174
In a defensive situation, what is true of lives and property?
They are no longer salvageable.
175
In a defensive situation, what is true of offensive tactics?
They are no longer effective or safe to employ.
176
What is the primary basis of the defensive strategy?
Protecting firefighters and uninvolved property.
177
What are the four defensive priorities?
Define the Hot Zone, establish cut-offs or boundaries, search exposures, and protect exposures.
178
When must the IC conduct defensive operations outside the Hot Zone?
When the hazard level of interior conditions exceeds the capability of the standard safety system to protect firefighters.
179
In defensive operations, what must the IC do with lost property?
Write it off.
180
What becomes a major critical factor in defensive fires?
Arrangement.
181
What are the priorities in defensive operations?
Personnel safety and exposure protection.
182
What tactic is generally the most effective in defensive water application?
Master streams.
183
What standard master stream flow should be the guideline?
750 GPM.
184
Which handlines should be shut down in defensive operations?
Small-diameter hand lines that do not directly protect exposures.
185
When exposures are severe and water is limited, what is the most effective tactic?
Apply water directly to the exposure.
186
In the defensive strategy, what does Fire Control mean?
Crews have knocked down the main body of fire and can transition to overhaul.
187
During defensive property conservation operations, where will personnel remain?
Outside the Hot Zone.
188
Before entering a structure that has experienced defensive fire conditions for overhaul or salvage, what four conditions must be met?
Fire Control achieved, structural assessment complete, mitigation plan developed and communicated, and the IC changes to an offensive strategy.
189
How will property conservation efforts in adjacent exposures of a defensive fire be handled?
By following the same procedures as offensive loss control efforts.
Strategy and Tactics
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