1
Q
What is the primary goal of the IC in incident communications?
A
Initiates, maintains, and controls incident communications
Effective incident communications connect the three organizational management levels: strategic, tactical, and task.
2
Q
What are the three organizational management levels connected by incident communications?
A
- Strategic
- Tactical
- Task
Incident communications are essential for coordinating actions and committing resources.
3
Q
True or false: An effective IC should project a good radio image.
A
TRUE
Personnel remain confident with an assured and calm IC, which is crucial for effective incident management.
4
Q
What are some consequences of inadequate communication in firefighting?
A
- Safety Risks
- Misunderstandings and Errors
- Delayed or Ineffective Response
- Increased Risk of LODDs
NIOSH cites inadequate communication as a key factor in firefighter line-of-duty deaths.
5
Q
What does plain text communication ensure in incident operations?
A
NIMS-compliance
Plain text is preferred over 10-code signals and other number-based systems.
6
Q
What is the most effective form of communication on the tactical level of an incident?
A
Face-to-face
This method is preferred for communication between captains and their crew members.
7
Q
What is the role of the Support Officer during incident communications?
A
Handling face-to-face communications with Command
This helps avoid distracting the IC with unnecessary interactions.
8
Q
What should the IC focus on after establishing the organization during an incident?
A
Requesting, listening, and reacting to critical working areas’ CAAN reports
This helps maintain effective communication and situational awareness.
9
Q
What is the purpose of dividing the incident scene into Divisions?
A
Enhances the communications process
Division Supervisors provide information from their areas to the IC.
10
Q
What should communications focus on to ensure firefighter safety?
A
Completing benchmarks
This keeps communications concise and effective.
11
Q
What is the Brief Initial Report (BIR) used for?
A
Provides a size-up of conditions and an initial IAP
It is the first communication from the initial IC upon arrival.
12
Q
What are the required elements of a BIR?
A
- Clear the alarm
- Building/area description
- Problem description
- Actions taken – initial IAP
- Declaration of the strategy
- Resource determination
- Establish and name Command
These elements ensure clarity and situational awareness for all responding units.
13
Q
What does clearing the alarm accomplish?
A
- Notifies Dispatch of the IC’s identity
- Activates Level 1 Staging
- Ensures correct channel for BIR transmission
This is a critical first step for effective incident management.
14
Q
How should the size of a residential structure be categorized?
A
- Small: up to 1500 Sqft
- Medium: 1500 to 3000 Sqft
- Large: 3000 to 4500 Sqft
- Huge/Mega: 4500 Sqft and above
This categorization helps in tactical decision-making.
15
Q
What is the Order Model used for in communications?
A
Standardizes the exchange of two-way radio communications
It ensures messages are received and clearly understood.
16
Q
What should be included in a CAAN report?
A
- Completion of benchmarks
- Priorities
- Firefighters’ safety
- Needs assessment
This report is crucial for maintaining situational awareness and operational effectiveness.
17
Q
What is the role of the strategic IC during an incident?
A
Maintains a Tactical Worksheet and interacts with the Command Team
This position ensures effective communication and management of resources.
18
Q
What is the primary focus of the IC in the Hot Zone?
A
Managing strategic-level safety and coordinating work
This focus is essential for completing benchmarks and ensuring firefighter safety.
19
Q
What does the Initial Incident Action Plan (IAP) describe?
A
Operational plan for achieving benchmarks
The initial IAP should include the tasks of the initial arriving unit, their location, and the objectives of those tasks.
20
Q
List the common occupancy types that drive the IAP.
A
- Single Family Residence/House
- Apartment
- Garden style
- Center hallway
- Plex style
- Strip Mall
- Institutional
- Small/Medium Commercial
- Big Box/Large Commercial
- Industrial
- High-rise
Identifying occupancy types helps responding units understand the situation they are responding to.
21
Q
What are the four terms that describe fire conditions?
A
- Nothing Showing
- Smoke Showing
- Working Fire
- Defensive Fire Conditions
The term ‘working fire’ indicates a situation that may require the commitment of all responding companies.
22
Q
In the context of incident command, what does ‘Alpha side’ refer to?
A
The address (street) side of the structure
In some cases, such as apartments, Alpha may align with the side where the initial attack line makes entry.
23
Q
What are the objectives of tasks in the IAP?
A
- Life Safety = ‘Primary All Clear’
- Incident Stabilization = ‘Fire Control’
Objectives focus on completing benchmarks and priorities for the chosen strategy.
24
Q
True or false: Offensive operations occur within the Hot Zone.
A
TRUE
Defensive operations take place outside of the Hot Zone.
25
What should the **Follow-up Report** include?
* Result of 360°
* Immediate safety concerns
* Confirm or announce the strategy
* Any changes to the IAP
* Identify the Alpha side
* Resource determination
## Footnote
Follow-up reports provide clear, concise information before entering the Hot Zone.
26
What is the purpose of a **Personnel Accountability Report (PAR)**?
Confirms all members are accounted for and have adequate exit air supply
## Footnote
PARs are conducted face-to-face within the Division or company whenever possible.
27
Fill in the blank: The **initial IC** must match the incident’s problems with the _______.
[appropriate resources]
## Footnote
The request for resources must occur at the beginning of the event for the greatest chance of success.
28
What does the **360° reconnaissance** aim to achieve?
* Identify immediate rescue opportunities
* Determine location of the fire
* Control flow path
* Identify signs of a vent-limited fire
* Assess basement type and conditions
## Footnote
Performing a 360° provides a comprehensive view of the incident before making entry.
29
What are the **two recognized practices** for assigning units?
* Unit Designations
* Divisions
## Footnote
Las Vegas Fire & Rescue typically uses the Division designation for tactical-level supervision.
30
What is the **standard command transfer** sequence when a strategic IC assumes Command?
* Size-up and verify positions
* Announce arrival on scene to Dispatch
* Contact the current IC using the Order Model
## Footnote
This ensures a smooth transition of command during an incident.
31
What does **PAR** stand for in the context of incident command?
Personnel Accountability Report
## Footnote
PAR is used to account for all personnel operating in the Hot Zone.
32
In a command transfer, what is the first step the strategic IC must take?
Size-up and verify that all operating positions match the incident’s current conditions
## Footnote
This ensures that the new IC is aware of the current situation before assuming command.
33
What does the acronym **CAAN** stand for in reporting?
* Conditions
* Actions
* Air
* Needs
## Footnote
CAAN reporting provides a structured way for crews to communicate their status and requirements to the IC.
34
What should crews include in their **CAAN report**?
* Location
* Conditions
* Actions taken
* Air supply status
* Needs
## Footnote
This structured reporting helps the IC maintain situational awareness and adjust strategies as needed.
35
True or false: **Water on the Fire** is a benchmark that indicates the fire has been extinguished.
FALSE
## Footnote
Water on the Fire indicates that crews have located the fire and are applying water, not that it has been extinguished.
36
What are the **six benchmarks** that indicate the accomplishment of priorities in incident operations?
* Primary All Clear
* Water on the Fire
* Fire Control
* Secondary All Clear
* Loss Stopped
* DECON Established
## Footnote
These benchmarks help track the progression of the Incident Action Plan (IAP) and ensure critical tasks are completed.
37
What is the purpose of the **Primary All Clear** benchmark?
Achievement of the Life Safety priority
## Footnote
This benchmark indicates that a thorough search for victims has been completed.
38
What does the **Loss Stopped** benchmark signify?
Property Conservation is complete
## Footnote
This indicates that all affected areas have been salvaged and the incident conditions have ceased causing damage.
39
What should be reported at the end of a **CAAN report**?
Needs or no needs
## Footnote
This information is critical for the IC to base the IAP and strategy on the conditions and needs of the units.
40
What are the **offensive priorities** in incident operations?
* Personnel in the Structure
* Knockdown
* Search
* Ventilation in Place
* Salvage
## Footnote
These priorities guide the actions taken during offensive operations at a fire scene.
41
What does the **Knockdown** report indicate?
Crews have extinguished the fire in the specific area reported
## Footnote
This report is crucial for the IC to verify that there is no extension of the fire.
42
What is the purpose of a **Roof Report**?
To provide tactical information about the roof conditions to the IC
## Footnote
Roof reports help assess the situation above interior crews and inform operational decisions.
43
What should crews report when they have established a **water supply**?
Water supply complete; ready for another assignment
## Footnote
Establishing a water supply is a priority in all working fires.
44
What is the significance of the **Fire Control** benchmark?
Indicates that firefighters have completed the Incident Stabilization incident priority
## Footnote
This report signifies a shift in focus from suppression to ventilation and secondary searches.
45
What does the **DECON Established** benchmark relate to?
Firefighter Safety priority
## Footnote
This benchmark indicates that initial stages of decontamination have been established at the incident scene.
46
What should be included in a **status change report**?
Changes in location or access, completion of assignments
## Footnote
Status change reports keep the IC informed of operational progress and adjustments.
47
What does the **Conditions** section of a CAAN report include?
* Your location
* Obstacles to completing objectives
* What’s burning
* Interior visibility
* Smoke conditions
* Heat conditions
## Footnote
This information helps the IC understand the current situation on the ground.
48
What is the purpose of a **Roof Report**?
To convey the roof's stability and actions being taken regarding ventilation
## Footnote
Essential for the overall Incident Action Plan (IAP) and may be considered priority traffic.
49
What should be included in a **Tilt Wall Report**?
* Stability of the walls
* Walls appear plumb
* Pressurized smoke pushing through joints
* No signs of separation at the corners
* Intact roofline where the wall meets the roof
## Footnote
Used to evaluate the integrity of tilt wall structures during a fire.
50
What are the key elements of a **Triage Report** at an accident scene?
* Number and severity of patients
* Need for mechanical extrication
* Priority of patients
## Footnote
Vital for the Incident Commander (IC) to request appropriate resources.
51
True or false: **Priority traffic** can only be reported by the Incident Commander.
FALSE
## Footnote
Any personnel on the scene can give priority traffic if it contains urgent information.
52
What does **Emergency Traffic** inform personnel about?
* Imminent dangers
* Firefighter down
* Order to abandon a building
## Footnote
Only the IC can initiate emergency traffic for true emergencies.
53
What is the first step in reporting **Emergency Traffic**?
The IC contacts Dispatch and states, 'Emergency traffic, emergency traffic, emergency traffic.'
## Footnote
This initiates the Emergency Alert Tones.
54
What is a **strategic shift** from offensive to defensive?
A change in strategy when initial attack efforts are ineffective and conditions deteriorate
## Footnote
The IC is responsible for deciding to go defensive.
55
What does it mean to **withdraw from the building**?
An orderly exit where crews remove interior lines and equipment
## Footnote
This occurs when changing to a defensive strategy.
56
What is the difference between **abandoning** and **withdrawing** from a building?
* Abandoning: Rapid exit, leaving equipment behind
* Withdrawing: Orderly exit, removing equipment
## Footnote
Both actions are taken during a strategic shift.
57
What is a **Mayday**?
A distress signal indicating a firefighter is in a life-threatening situation
## Footnote
Examples include being lost, injured, or trapped in the Hot Zone.
58
What does the **LUNAR Report** consist of in a Mayday situation?
* Location
* Unit
* Name
* Air status
* Resources needed
## Footnote
This report is given after a Mayday call is acknowledged by Command.
59
What is the primary goal of Command Function 5 – Communications?
The IC initiates, maintains, and controls incident communications.
60
What three organizational management levels do effective incident communications connect?
Strategic, tactical, and task.
61
What are incident communications used to do?
Connect the team, commit resources, and create effective, coordinated action.
62
What must the IC do while orchestrating incident communications?
Ensure all personnel are on the same page.
63
What kind of radio image should an effective IC project?
A good radio image.
64
How do personnel typically respond to an assured and calm IC?
They remain confident.
65
What is one of the most important characteristics an IC can possess?
Good communication skills.
66
What does the IC also set besides managing communication?
The pace of the incident.
67
What NIOSH communication factor is cited as one of the five key contributors to firefighter line-of-duty deaths?
Inadequate communication.
68
Poor communication can lead to what type of operational problem?
Misunderstandings, errors, and potentially dangerous mistakes on the fireground.
69
Why is effective communication vital on the fireground?
It ensures firefighter safety and coordinates operations during emergencies.
70
What can happen if information is not relayed quickly and accurately?
The response can be delayed or become ineffective.
71
What communication style does Las Vegas Fire & Rescue use for incident operations?
Plain text communications directed toward achieving a benchmark.
72
Why is plain text used instead of 10-codes?
Plain text is NIMS-compliant.
73
What is the most effective form of communication?
Face-to-face communication.
74
At what levels is face-to-face communication preferred?
Task and tactical levels.
75
Between whom should captains communicate face-to-face?
With their crew members.
76
Between whom should captains communicate face-to-face in the work area?
With other captains in their work area.
77
Between whom should tactical-level supervisors communicate face-to-face?
With units assigned to their geographic location.
78
What kind of IC is created by placing the IC in a Command Post (CP)?
A strategic IC.
79
Why is a strategic IC in a CP beneficial for communications?
The strategic IC can more effectively monitor and control radio communications.
80
What should fireground members avoid doing to the IC?
Distracting the IC with face-to-face communications.
81
Whose key responsibility includes handling face-to-face communications with Command?
The Support Officer.
82
What do radio communications connect?
The tactical and task levels with the IC.
83
The quality of radio communications directly correlates with what?
The outcome of the incident.
84
Why should crews use other forms of communication besides radio when possible?
Because everyone cannot talk on the radio at once, and it reduces radio traffic.
85
How do MCT incident notes help communications?
They eliminate the need for Dispatch to transmit notes over the tactical channel.
86
How do aerial views on MCTs help communications?
They eliminate the need to get arrangement information over the radio.
87
How do comprehensive SOPs help communications?
They reduce the time it takes to get companies into action and streamline CAAN reporting.
88
What should the communications flow chart reflect?
The organization that the IC has implemented.
89
What does the IC use orders and tasks to do?
Establish the organization and implement an effective IAP.
90
After the organization is in place, what should the IC’s communication focus shift to?
Requesting, listening to, and reacting to CAAN reports from critical working areas.
91
How does dividing the scene into Divisions affect communications?
It positively and profoundly improves the communications process.
92
What do Division Supervisors become for the IC?
The IC’s eyes and ears.
93
What kind of information do Division Supervisors provide?
Information from other areas of the incident.
94
What may a Division Supervisor be initially assigned to do?
Evaluate conditions, report findings, advise Command on needed tasks and resources, and then direct resources and operations in that area.
95
In the Division communication model, how should captains communicate with their crew members?
Face-to-face.
96
In the Division communication model, how should captains communicate with other captains in their work area whenever possible?
Face-to-face.
97
In the Division communication model, how should captains communicate with their Division Supervisor whenever possible?
Face-to-face.
98
When may captains need to communicate over the tactical channel?
When communicating with their Division Supervisor or Command and face-to-face communication is not possible.
99
How does the Division Supervisor communicate with the IC?
Via the assigned tactical channel.
100
What should Division Supervisors provide for their assigned areas?
Comprehensive and complete progress reports on conditions, actions, and needs.
101
If the IC has not assigned Division Supervisors, who must the IC communicate directly with?
Each unit.
102
When should the IC consider assigning a Division Supervisor to a geographic area?
Before assigning the third unit to that location.
103
What supervision upgrade should the IC consider at complex Divisions?
Upgrading to a command-level officer to manage the entry point.
104
Where will communications from that complex Division come from?
From the non-IDLH tactical supervisor.
105
What should communications focus on?
Completing benchmarks and ensuring firefighter safety.
106
How does benchmark-focused communication help?
It keeps communications concise, clear, and effective.
107
What does concise communication preserve?
Airtime for important information affecting all personnel assigned to the incident.
108
Why is it essential to transmit a complete BIR and Follow-Up Report before entering the Hot Zone?
Because these are the longest radio reports the initial IC will perform before moving into the worst possible communications position.
109
What is the worst possible communications position for the initial IC?
Wearing full PPE while using their SCBA.
110
What do the BIR and Follow-Up Report tell responding units?
What and where the problem is, what action the first-arriving unit is taking, and Command’s location.
111
What do the BIR and Follow-Up Report allow the initial IC to do before entering the Hot Zone?
Assess the Eight Critical Factors.
112
What do those initial reports free the initial IC up to do?
Engage the problem while continuing to command the incident using a portable radio.
113
How many units should the initial IC be able to quickly assign from a mobile command position?
Three to four units.
114
What must all responding personnel appreciate about the initial IC’s communications position?
It is less than ideal.
115
In rapidly expanding incidents, what must the initial IC do with Command?
Move it out of the Hot Zone or transfer it to a strategic IC operating in a stationary command post.
116
What directly connects the IC to the communications process?
Staying in the command post (CP).
117
How will a strategic IC typically operate in the CP?
Seated in the rig with headphones on, maintaining a Tactical Worksheet or Tablet Command, and interacting with the Command Team.
118
What kind of communications position does the strategic IC have?
An ideal communication position.
119
Which companies are in the worst position for effective communications?
Companies operating in the Hot Zone.
120
How many tactical radio frequencies should ideally be used for all Hot Zone transmissions?
One tactical radio frequency.
121
What kinds of operations may require multiple radio frequencies outside the Hot Zone?
Level 2 Staging, Rehab, Safety, Planning, and Logistics.
122
What is required for every additional radio channel activated on an incident?
A dedicated person to manage that channel.
123
How many tactical radio frequencies should the IC be responsible for while an active Hot Zone exists?
One tactical radio frequency.
124
What must a strategic IC focus primarily on?
The units operating in the Hot Zone.
125
Why must a strategic IC focus on Hot Zone units?
To manage strategic-level safety and coordinate the work required to complete benchmarks.
126
How must the IC continuously operate the system?
Build, expand, and reinforce it so they stay connected to the companies operating in the Hot Zone.
127
How should all personnel monitor the radio?
Carefully.
128
When should personnel answer a radio call?
On the first call.
129
What risk does an IC take by repeatedly missing communications?
Missing crucial information that could affect the outcome of the incident.
130
What does the Standard Order Model do?
Structures communications so messages are received and clearly understood.
131
What does the Standard Order Model standardize?
The exchange of two-way radio communications between personnel.
132
What is the first step of the Order Model?
The sender calls the receiver to determine if they are prepared to receive the message.
133
What is the second step of the Order Model?
The receiver acknowledges the sender.
134
What is the third step of the Order Model?
The sender transmits the message after receiving the readiness reply.
135
What is the fourth step of the Order Model?
The receiver briefly re-states the message to acknowledge receipt.
136
What is the fifth step of the Order Model?
The sender restates the message if the receiver misunderstands it.
137
What does using the Order Model significantly decrease?
The amount of radio traffic on the emergency scene.
138
How does the Order Model affect freelancing and confusion?
It helps eliminate them.
139
How does the Order Model affect responder safety and accountability?
It enhances both.
140
Who maintains strategic control of the incident by controlling communications?
The IC.
141
When units are in the Hot Zone, what information should be communicated on the tactical channel?
Only information about completing benchmarks, priorities, and firefighters’ safety.
142
How should CAAN reports always end?
With a needs assessment, or a statement indicating no needs, and a PAR.
143
What must always be allowed to happen in the communication loop?
The receiver must acknowledge and repeat the communication when appropriate.
144
What word should crews avoid using?
Break.
145
How should the Order Model be used with priority traffic?
It should be strictly adhered to.
146
What is the only exception to the Order Model with priority traffic?
Mayday traffic.
147
Name one situation that may need to be reported independent of a CAAN report.
Knockdown.
148
Name one situation that may need to be reported independent of a CAAN report.
No extension reports.
149
Name one situation that may need to be reported independent of a CAAN report.
Utilities secured.
150
Name one situation that may need to be reported independent of a CAAN report.
Water supply established.
151
What three things does this policy not eliminate a unit’s responsibility to report?
Benchmarks, status changes, and priority traffic.
152
What may Command order a unit to do once an information target is obtained or verified?
Get back to them.
153
How should good-news information reports be structured when initiated by a unit?
As a status change report upon completion of the assigned objectives using the Order Model.
154
How should bad-news information be structured to the IC?
As priority traffic.
155
What are the essential communications the initial IC routinely performs?
Brief Initial Report, Follow-Up Report, Assigning Units, and Command Transfer.
156
What communications does the strategic IC routinely drive?
Command transfer, assigning units, timely CAAN reports, and communications to Dispatch.
157
What reports should all officers be prepared to give?
Status change, priority traffic, benchmarks, roof report, CAAN report upon request, and Mayday report.
158
What emergency communications should initial and strategic ICs be prepared to initiate?
Emergency traffic and strategic shift.
159
What does the BIR do?
Begins the command, control, and communication process and provides everyone with a size-up of conditions and an initial IAP.
160
Who else may listen to and benefit from the BIR besides responding units?
Non-responding companies, supervisors still in quarters, and staff officers.
161
What is the BIR described as?
A quick snapshot of the incident.
162
What is the first required element of the BIR?
Clear the alarm.
163
What is the second required element of the BIR?
Building/area description.
164
What is the third required element of the BIR?
Problem description.
165
What is the fourth required element of the BIR?
Actions taken – initial IAP.
166
What is the fifth required element of the BIR?
Declaration of the strategy.
167
What is the sixth required element of the BIR?
Resource determination.
168
What is the seventh required element of the BIR?
Establish and name Command.
169
What does clearing the alarm ensure?
That the BIR is delivered on the correct channel.
170
What does clearing the alarm notify other responders of?
Your identity and that you will deliver a BIR and establish Command.
171
What does clearing the alarm automatically activate?
Level 1 Staging.
172
What three categories should the building/area description include?
Size, height (stories), and occupancy type.
173
For residential structures, what size is considered small?
Up to 1500 square feet.
174
For residential structures, what size is considered medium?
1500 to 3000 square feet.
175
For residential structures, what size is considered large?
3000 to 4500 square feet.
176
For residential structures, what size is considered huge or mega?
4500 square feet and above.
177
For commercial structures, what is a small occupancy by handline access?
A 200 ft line can access 100% of the potential fire area.
178
For commercial structures, what is a medium occupancy by handline access?
A 200 ft line can access 75% of the potential fire area.
179
For commercial structures, what is a large occupancy by handline access?
A 200 ft line can access 50% of the potential fire area.
180
For commercial structures, what is an extra large or mega occupancy by handline access?
A 200-foot line can access less than 50% of the potential fire area.
181
How can structures between sizes be described?
With blended terms such as small to medium or medium to large.
182
Why is building size communication important?
It helps later-arriving units forecast assignments and determine where they may fit into the IAP.
183
How should structure height be described?
By the number of stories above grade and the number of sublevels below grade.
184
Why is identifying occupancy type important in the BIR?
It often drives the IAP and paints a picture for responding units.
185
Name one common occupancy type listed for BIR use.
Single Family Residence/House.
186
Name one common occupancy type listed for BIR use.
Apartment.
187
Name one common occupancy type listed for BIR use.
Strip Mall.
188
Name one common occupancy type listed for BIR use.
Big Box/Large Commercial.
189
Name one commonly recognized occupancy name example.
Wal-Mart.
190
Name one commonly recognized occupancy name example.
Home Depot.
191
What occupancies represent more than 90% of LVFR occupancies?
Single-family residences, apartments, strip malls, commercial buildings, and high-rise buildings.
192
What four terms are used to describe fire conditions in the problem description?
Nothing Showing, Smoke Showing, Working Fire, and Defensive Fire Conditions.
193
What does the term working fire mean?
A situation that may require commitment of all responding companies and may keep them on scene for an extended period.
194
What must Command identify in the BIR about the problem?
The location of the problem.
195
What kinds of fire-location details may be reported?
The fire’s location, extension beyond the area of origin, whether it is in the middle or a Bravo/Delta end, and which side of the structure is involved.
196
What is the Alpha side usually?
The address or street side.
197
What is a common exception to Alpha being the street side?
Apartments and some other buildings where Alpha is best aligned with the side where the initial attack line makes entry.
198
Why is Alpha aligned with the attack-line entry side in apartments?
To reduce confusion and make assigning exposure tasks easier.
199
What must the initial IC do when there is confusion about incident landmarks?
Clarify the Alpha side location.
200
How are exposures identified?
By the side they are on, starting with the closest and moving to subsequent exposures.
201
How are floors identified?
By stories above and below ground level.
202
What does floor 2 become when using Divisions?
Division 2.
203
What should the initial IAP consist of?
The tasks of the initial arriving unit, the location of the tasks, and the objectives of the tasks.
204
What should task objectives focus on?
Completing the benchmarks and priorities for the chosen strategy.
205
What benchmark corresponds to Life Safety?
Primary All Clear.
206
What benchmark corresponds to Incident Stabilization?
Fire Control.
207
What are the two overall strategies?
Offensive and Defensive.
208
Where do offensive operations occur?
Within the Hot Zone.
209
Where do defensive operations occur?
Outside of the Hot Zone.
210
What does declaring strategy in the BIR do?
Announces the overall incident strategy and eliminates questions about whether operations will be inside or outside the Hot Zone.
211
What must the initial IC match with the incident’s problems?
The resources required to solve those problems.
212
When should the request for appropriate resources occur?
At the beginning of the event, when the window of opportunity is greatest.
213
Name one resource determination the IC may make in the BIR.
Cancel the original assignment.
214
Name one resource determination the IC may make in the BIR.
Units continue into Level 1.
215
Name one resource determination the IC may make in the BIR.
All units not on scene reduce and continue in.
216
Name one resource determination the IC may make in the BIR.
Request additional alarm(s) or specialized units.
217
What should the IC specify regarding staging when needed?
Where resources should stage: Level 1 or Level 2.
218
What may the IC request for Level 2 Staging resources?
An additional tactical channel.
219
How should Command be named?
Using Command plus the street name or specific occupancy name.
220
How long does the Command designation remain with the IC?
Throughout the incident.
221
What should the Follow-Up Report include first?
Result of the 360°.
222
What should the Follow-Up Report include about safety?
Immediate safety concerns.
223
What should the Follow-Up Report include about strategy?
Confirm or announce the strategy.
224
What should the Follow-Up Report include about the IAP?
Any changes to the IAP.
225
What should the Follow-Up Report include if landmarks are unclear?
Identify the Alpha side.
226
What should the Follow-Up Report include if not done in the BIR?
Resource determination.
227
What should crews attempt to do before making entry on every structure fire?
Perform a 360°.
228
If a 360° cannot be completed, what must the IC do?
Indicate that in the Follow-Up Report.
229
If the initial IC cannot complete a 360°, what may they do?
Assign completion of the 360° to a subsequent arriving unit.
230
What is the first thing to note during 360° reporting elements?
Whether there is an opportunity for an immediate rescue.
231
What should the IC do if there is an immediate rescue opportunity during the 360°?
Consider aggressive water application while simultaneously addressing the rescue.
232
What should the IC observe about ventilation during the 360°?
Flow path cues and signs of a vent-limited fire.
233
What should the IC announce if Charlie-side stories do not match Alpha-side stories?
The discrepancy in the Follow-Up Report.
234
What should the IC do when the 360° confirms basement involvement?
Adjust the IAP.
235
Name one reason the IAP may change after the 360°.
A physical rescue is found.
236
Name one reason the IAP may change after the 360°.
A previously unseen opportunity for exterior water application is found.
237
Name one reason the IAP may change after the 360°.
A basement fire is identified.
238
Name one reason the IAP may change after the 360°.
The fire is located in a different area not seen from the initial evaluation.
239
Name one immediate safety concern listed for the Follow-Up Report.
Signs of structural instability or compromise.
240
Name one immediate safety concern listed for the Follow-Up Report.
Power lines down or arcing.
241
Name one immediate safety concern listed for the Follow-Up Report.
Gas meter or tank exposed to fire.
242
Name one immediate safety concern listed for the Follow-Up Report.
Swimming pools.
243
Name one immediate safety concern listed for the Follow-Up Report.
Animals.
244
Name one immediate safety concern listed for the Follow-Up Report.
Rapid fire progression.
245
Name one immediate safety concern listed for the Follow-Up Report.
A hostile person or possible ambush.
246
What is the initial accountability location for a geographic area?
The first unit at that geographic location.
247
What does identifying the first accountability location do?
Designates where later assigned units will drop off their passports.
248
What should the IC structure unit assignments around?
Addressing critical factors, completion of benchmarks, and maintaining a tactical reserve such as On-Deck or RIT.
249
What are the two recognized practices for assigning units?
Unit designations and Divisions.
250
What does LVFR typically use Division designations for?
An officer who can provide tactical-level supervision in the Division.
251
When should a Division Supervisor be assigned?
Early.
252
When should a command officer be assigned to support a Division?
When the Division grows in size or complexity.
253
What format should specific orders use?
Task, Location, and Objective (TLO).
254
What is one primary responsibility of the IC when making assignments?
Maintaining operational control of the position and function of all resources in the Hot Zone.
255
Name one typical task that may be assigned in a TLO.
Lay a supply line.
256
Name one typical task that may be assigned in a TLO.
Stretch, pull, or advance hose lines.
257
Name one typical task that may be assigned in a TLO.
Check for extension.
258
Name one typical task that may be assigned in a TLO.
Perform forcible entry.
259
Name one typical task that may be assigned in a TLO.
Perform a search.
260
Name one typical task that may be assigned in a TLO.
Perform ventilation.
261
Name one typical task that may be assigned in a TLO.
On Deck.
262
Name one typical task that may be assigned in a TLO.
RIT.
263
What should location details in TLO assignments include?
Floor, occupancy or exposure, side to enter on, side to operate on defensively, and which Division to report to.
264
What benchmark corresponds to Property Conservation in TLO objectives?
Loss Stopped.
265
What are Tactical Standard-Based Orders?
Abbreviated assignments used when personnel understand the expectations and responsibilities associated with a specific assignment through SOPs and training.
266
What is true about the order in a Tactical Standard-Based Order?
The order is in the tactical standard.
267
When assigning a unit to a function or location where units are already working, what must the IC tell the new unit?
Whom they will report to and work under.
268
What must the IC also tell the Division Supervisor when assigning a new unit into their area?
What units they will be receiving.
269
What does a PAR confirm?
That all members are accounted for and have an adequate exit air supply.
270
For a Division Supervisor, what does a PAR account for?
All crew members assigned to the Division across all companies.
271
For a captain, what does a PAR account for?
All crew members assigned to their company.
272
How should PARs be conducted within the Division or company whenever possible?
Face-to-face.
273
When must PARs be given to the IC?
When entering and exiting the Hot Zone, including IDLH, collapse zone, directly above an active fire, confined space, or anytime the IC or captain feels it is necessary.
274
What three pieces of information are included when reporting a PAR?
Present assignment or designation, unit name, and the fact that the crew has PAR.
275
Where is the initial IC typically located when a strategic IC assumes Command?
In the Hot Zone.
276
How will a command transfer usually take place in that case?
Using a portable radio.
277
What is the first step in standard command transfer?
Size-up and verify that all operating positions match current conditions.
278
What is the second step in standard command transfer?
Announce arrival on scene to Dispatch.
279
What is the third step in standard command transfer?
Contact the current IC using the Order Model.
280
What is the fourth step in standard command transfer?
Verify, document, and confirm the position and function of all resources assigned by the current IC.
281
What is the fifth step in standard command transfer?
Obtain a CAAN report.
282
What is the sixth step in standard command transfer?
Announce that you will be assuming command.
283
What is the seventh step in standard command transfer?
Contact Dispatch to let them know that you are in Command.
284
What is the eighth step in standard command transfer?
Re-announce the incident strategy.
285
What is the ninth step in standard command transfer?
Make a resource determination and announce CP location.
286
What does CAAN stand for?
Conditions, Actions, Air, Needs.
287
What should Conditions in a CAAN report include?
Location, conditions, and obstacles to achieving objectives.
288
What should Actions in a CAAN report include?
Current actions and any objectives achieved.
289
What should Air in a CAAN report include?
The lowest air of a crew member.
290
What should Needs in a CAAN report include?
Reinforcement, relief, support, tools or equipment, cover other areas, urgent help, or no needs.
291
What must crews give at the end of a CAAN report besides needs?
A PAR.
292
How should companies structure CAAN reports?
Around the IC’s assignment and completion of benchmarks and priorities.
293
When should companies generally refrain from reporting to Command?
Until they have completed their assignment or achieved a benchmark, unless requested by the IC.
294
Who is responsible for managing the air they bring into the Hot Zone?
Each firefighter.
295
Who is responsible for maintaining awareness of the crew’s air levels?
The company officer.
296
Name one communication clue that should trigger IC reconsideration of current operations.
We have zero visibility conditions.
297
Name one communication clue that should trigger IC reconsideration of current operations.
We have fire above our heads.
298
Name one communication clue that should trigger IC reconsideration of current operations.
We have fire below us.
299
Name one communication clue that should trigger IC reconsideration of current operations.
We need more hose to reach the fire.
300
Name one communication clue that should trigger IC reconsideration of current operations.
We have not found the seat of the fire.
301
Name one communication clue that should trigger IC reconsideration of current operations.
We are running out of air.
302
Name one communication clue that should trigger IC reconsideration of current operations.
This is a hoarder structure.
303
Name one communication clue that should trigger IC reconsideration of current operations.
We’ve had a flashover.
304
Name one communication clue that should trigger IC reconsideration of current operations.
We’ve had a collapse.
305
Name one communication clue that should trigger IC reconsideration of current operations.
We’ve lost multiple windows.
306
Name one communication clue that should trigger IC reconsideration of current operations.
It’s getting really hot in here, we’re backing out.
307
Name one communication clue that should trigger IC reconsideration of current operations.
Our exit has been blocked.
308
Name one communication clue that should trigger IC reconsideration of current operations.
We are sending a firefighter out with a problem.
309
Name one communication clue that should trigger IC reconsideration of current operations.
We have a hole in the floor.
310
Name one communication clue that should trigger IC reconsideration of current operations.
Command has lost communications with multiple crews.
311
Name one communication clue that should trigger IC reconsideration of current operations.
We have a lot of sprinkler heads going off in here.
312
When should an officer make a status change report?
When completing an assignment or priority, or when changing location or access.
313
How should a status change report be initiated?
Using the Order Model and starting with the phrase status change.
314
What should the sender say first when giving a status change?
Command, this is [unit] with a status change.
315
What do benchmarks do?
Track progression of the IAP, time-stamp events, and ensure completion of critical tasks.
316
Who reports a completed benchmark to Command?
The officer completing the benchmark.
317
How many benchmarks are there?
Six.
318
What are benchmarks considered?
Mandatory points of re-evaluation.
319
What does Primary All Clear represent?
Achievement of the Life Safety priority.
320
What does Water on the Fire represent?
A re-evaluation point for the effectiveness of incident operations and a metric tracking crew efficiency.
321
What does Fire Control represent?
Achievement of the Incident Stabilization priority.
322
What does Secondary All Clear represent?
Confirmation of the Life Safety priority.
323
What does Loss Stopped represent?
Achievement of the Property Conservation priority.
324
What does DECON Established represent?
Achievement of a key step in the Firefighter Safety priority.
325
When should crews report Primary All Clear?
When they complete the Primary Life Search.
326
What should the IC do after receiving Primary All Clear?
Reevaluate the strategy using the strategic decision-making model because the RMP has changed.
327
Why must the IC reassess risk after Primary All Clear?
Because crews have met the Life Safety priority and operations have shifted toward property conservation.
328
Why is Water on the Fire important?
It indicates the fire has been located and water is being applied, improving survivability and conditions.
329
What should the IC consider if crews have been interior beyond a reasonable amount of time and still have not reported Water on the Fire?
A red flag.
330
What should the IC consider if Water on the Fire is reported but exterior smoke conditions do not appropriately change?
A red flag.
331
What does Fire Control indicate operationally?
A significant shift from suppression to ventilation and then Secondary Searches.
332
When does the IC declare Fire Control?
When all seven sides have achieved knockdown and negative extension is verified.
333
What should the IC do after Fire Control is achieved?
Slow operations down and reevaluate safety.
334
When should crews initiate a Secondary Search?
After knockdown and adequate ventilation.
335
When may a Secondary Search not be necessary?
For a pot on the stove fire with no extension.
336
When does the IC report Loss Stopped to Dispatch?
Once all affected areas have been adequately salvaged, overhauled, ventilated, and conditions have ceased causing damage.
337
When is DECON Established reported?
After the initial stages of firefighter decontamination have been established at the incident.
338
What are priorities?
Tasks completed to support achieving the benchmarks.
339
How should priorities usually be reported?
As part of an IC-driven CAAN report or as a status change if the IC requested a report back upon completion.
340
What should crews report if they cannot complete or are delayed in completing a priority?
That inability or delay to Command.
341
Name one Offensive Priority.
Personnel in the Structure.
342
Name one Offensive Priority.
Knockdown.
343
Name one Offensive Priority.
Search.
344
Name one Offensive Priority.
Ventilation in Place.
345
Name one Offensive Priority.
Salvage.
346
Name one Defensive Priority.
Define the Hot Zone.
347
Name one Defensive Priority.
Establish Cutoffs and Boundaries.
348
Name one Defensive Priority.
Search Exposures.
349
Name one Defensive Priority.
Protect Exposures.
350
Name one other item crews may report to the IC besides priorities.
Water Supply Established.
351
Name one other item crews may report to the IC besides priorities.
Utilities Secured.
352
Name one other item crews may report to the IC besides priorities.
Building Softened.
353
What is true about water supply on all working fires?
It is a priority in all working fires, offensive or defensive.
354
When may Water Supply Established be reported?
In a status change once uninterrupted water supply has been established.
355
What must be specified when reporting Utilities Secured?
Which utilities were secured, such as gas, electric, solar, or any combination.
356
What does the assignment soften the building include?
Removing security bars on windows and other barriers to egress.
357
What do truck companies provide from the roof?
Valuable tactical information about what is happening above interior crews.
358
Name one common roof report element.
Type of roof.
359
Name one common roof report element.
Condition of the roof.
360
Name one common roof report element.
Conditions in the attic.
361
Name one common roof report element.
Concentrated loads.
362
Name one common roof report element.
Presence and function of smoke or heat vents.
363
Name one common roof report element.
Fire or smoke conditions and their location on the roof.
364
Name one common roof report element.
Location of any firewalls.
365
Name one common roof report element.
Location of the heat signature with the TIC.
366
Name one common roof report element.
Action being taken.
367
What essential roof report element should always be conveyed early?
Roof stability and whether personnel should be operating on or under it.
368
When may a roof report be considered priority traffic?
When its timeliness is crucial to the overall IAP.
369
What must Command ensure before approving ventilation?
That a hose line is in place.
370
What should crews include in a post-ventilation status change report?
Where they cut, the effect of ventilation on the fire, attic conditions, and roof stability.
371
What is a Tilt Wall Report used for?
Evaluation of the integrity of a structure with tilt wall construction.
372
Name one common Tilt Wall Report element.
Stability of the walls.
373
Name one common Tilt Wall Report element.
Walls appear plumb.
374
Name one common Tilt Wall Report element.
Pressurized smoke pushing through joints.
375
Name one common Tilt Wall Report element.
No signs of separation at the corners.
376
Name one common Tilt Wall Report element.
Intact roofline where the wall meets the roof.
377
What does a triage report include?
The number and severity of patients, whether mechanical extrication is necessary, and which patient goes first.
378
What is priority traffic?
Any radio message to the IC containing an urgent need or critical information likely requiring a significant adjustment to the IAP or strategy.
379
Who can give priority traffic?
Any personnel on the scene if it meets the criteria.
380
Name one example of priority traffic.
Victim located.
381
Name one example of priority traffic.
Fire in the attic.
382
Name one example of priority traffic.
Dangerous situations like power lines down.
383
Name one example of priority traffic.
Imminent or active flashover, collapse, or explosion with personnel in the Hot Zone.
384
Name one example of priority traffic.
Unable to complete a task assigned by Command.
385
Name one example of priority traffic.
Pump or aerial failure, including loss of water pressure.
386
How should red flags be reported to Command?
Via priority traffic.
387
What is Emergency Traffic used for?
To inform personnel about imminent dangers, a firefighter down, or an order to abandon a building.
388
Who is the only person who can initiate an Emergency Traffic report?
The IC.
389
How do companies first notify the IC of an emergency condition?
With priority traffic reports.
390
Who determines the need for Emergency Traffic and alert tones?
The IC.
391
How does the IC initiate Emergency Traffic?
By contacting Dispatch directly.
392
What happens immediately after the IC requests Emergency Traffic?
Dispatch activates the Emergency Alert Tones.
393
How should the IC structure an Emergency Traffic report?
State Emergency traffic three times, request tones, deliver the report, and then Dispatch repeats it verbatim.
394
How are other units expected to behave during Emergency Traffic?
Maintain radio discipline until the IC clears the emergency traffic.
395
When should the IC clear Emergency Traffic?
After the situation causing it has been mitigated.
396
What two strategic shifts are listed?
Offensive to Defensive and Defensive to Offensive.
397
When may an offensive-to-defensive strategic shift be needed?
When initial attack efforts are ineffective and conditions continue to deteriorate.
398
Who is the only person responsible for deciding to go defensive?
The IC.
399
What communication method is used for an offensive-to-defensive strategic shift?
Emergency Traffic.
400
What does Withdraw from the Building mean?
An orderly exit where crews remove interior lines and equipment and reposition or shut them down.
401
What does Abandon the Building mean?
Crews rapidly exit the structure, leaving all hose lines, tools, and heavy equipment in place.
402
What is Command’s greatest priority after initiating an offensive-to-defensive shift?
Safe exit of all personnel from the Hot Zone.
403
What is a Roll Call?
The process of obtaining PARs from all companies that were operating in the Hot Zone before a strategic shift.
404
When does a defensive-to-offensive strategic shift usually occur?
After successful knockdown of a significant fire.
405
What must the IC determine before going from defensive to offensive?
The risk-to-benefit ratio.
406
What must the IC do before moving crews into the structure during a defensive-to-offensive shift?
Develop and communicate a new IAP and consider structural integrity.
407
What is a Mayday?
A distress signal to Command indicating a firefighter is in a life-threatening situation requiring immediate assistance.
408
Name one example of a Mayday situation.
A firefighter is lost or disoriented.
409
Name one example of a Mayday situation.
A firefighter has sustained a serious injury or fallen ill in the Hot Zone.
410
Name one example of a Mayday situation.
A firefighter is entangled or trapped and unable to free themselves.
411
Name one example of a Mayday situation.
Low air alarm or SCBA failure while in the Hot Zone and unable to exit.
412
Who may declare a Mayday?
Anyone on scene who observes the situation or the person in trouble.
413
How should a firefighter alert Command of a Mayday?
By announcing Mayday, Mayday, Mayday over the radio.
414
What report should the Mayday initiator give after Command acknowledges the Mayday?
A LUNAR report.
415
What does L in LUNAR stand for?
Location.
416
What does U in LUNAR stand for?
Unit.
417
What does N in LUNAR stand for?
Name.
418
What does A in LUNAR stand for?
Air.
419
What does R in LUNAR stand for?
Resources.
420
How should radio traffic change after a Mayday is declared?
All non-essential radio traffic should cease.
Strategy and Tactics
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