Ch 1

Question 1

homeostasis

Answer 1

constancy of the internal environment that is the condition for a free and independent life
–> environmental factors (pH), materials (nutrients/water), and internal secretions (hormones)

Question 2

homeostasis: negative feedback

Answer 2

Response opposes or removes the signal

Can restore normal state, but cannot prevent initial signal

Question 3

homeostasis: positive feedback

Answer 3

response increases the initiating signal

Question 4

feedback chain

Answer 4

signal –> sensor –> integrating center –> effector (pos/neg feedback) –> homeostasis

Question 5

Intrinsic regulation

Answer 5

within organ (ex. dilation/constriction of vessels)

Question 6

extrinsic regulation

Answer 6

regulation by nervous/endocrine (hormone) systems (ex. nerve fibers innervate organs, hormone secretion)

Question 7

Blood Pressure Regulation

Answer 7

1. Blood pressure falls (stimulus)
2. Blood pressure receptors respond (sensor)
   - -> Integrating Center: sensory/motor nerve fibers and medulla oblongata
3. Heart rate increases (effector)
4. Rise in blood pressure (neg feedback response)

Question 8

Blood Glucose Regulation (eating)

Answer 8

1. eating
2. rise in blood glucose
3. pancreatic cells release insulin –> increase cellular uptake of glucose
4. decrease in blood glucose

Question 9

Blood Glucose Regulation (fasting)

Answer 9

1. fasting
2. decrease in blood glucose
3. pancreatic cells decrease release of insulin and increase release of glucagon –> decrease of cellular uptake of glucose and increase of glucose released into blood by liver
4. increase in blood glucose

Question 10

Antagonistic Effectors

Answer 10

increased activity of one effector is accompanied by decreasing activity of antagonistic effector.
• Refined control

Question 11

Primary Tissues

Answer 11

• Muscle: skeletal, smooth, cardiac; specialized for contraction (in glands/vasculature)
• Nervous: neurons and support cells (conduct impulses/send signals)
• Epithelial Tissue
• Connective tissue: blood, adipose (fat), bone, cartilage. (embedded in a matrix)

Question 12

organ

Answer 12

two or more primary tissues

Question 13

organ system

Answer 13

organs grouped by common function

Question 14

Skeletal Muscle

Answer 14

• voluntary
• striated (can lift more weight)
• multi nucleated, pushed to edge
• arranged parallel (each myofiber can by controlled individually)

Question 15

Cardiac Muscle

Answer 15

• involuntary
• striated
• intercalated discs: contact between adjacent cells, couple cells mechanically and electrically (work as a group)
• multi nucleated, larger than in skeletal

Question 16

Smooth Muscle

Answer 16

• involuntary
• no striations
• random arrangement
• large nuclei
• ex. digestive tract, blood vessels

Question 17

Nervous Tissue

Answer 17

• Neurons: generate and conduct electrical signals
• Cell Body
• Dendrites: receive info, increase SA
• Axons: conduct impulses
• Neuroglial: support cells, allow neurons to do job

Question 18

Epithelial Tissue: Structure

Answer 18

• 1+ layers of epithelial cells
• basement membrane (foundation, easier to repair)
• controls what enters/leaves internal environment
• Two types
  1. Sheets of cells lining body surfaces 2. Secretory epithelia

Question 19

Structural Classification

Answer 19

Layering
–  Simple or stratified
Shapes
–  Squamous, cuboidal, columnar
Function
–  Exchange, transporting, ciliated, protective, secretory

Question 20

Simple Epithelial Tissue

Answer 20

Squamous
-Flattened, Diffusion, Filtrations
Cuboidal
-Square, Excretion, Secretion, Absorption
Columnar
-Rectangular, Secretion, Absorption

Question 21

Exocrine and Endocrine Glands

Answer 21

Exocrine (outside): secrete something outside to the external environment
–> Sweat Glands, Reproductive

Endocrine (inside): secrete something into internal environment (into circulation)
–> Hypothalamus, Thyroid, Adrenal

Question 22

Connective Tissues: Structure

Answer 22

-lots of extracellular material
1. Ground Substance: Highly variable, Matrix fibers (collagen, elastin, fibronectin) –> extracellular: cells embedded within
2. Cells
-Fixed
•Blasts (build), clasts (breakdown), and cytes (neither)
– Mobile (defense)
3. Connective Tissue, Cartilage, Bone, Blood
**know types