Ch 1 Test Yourself

Question 1

1.1) 1. How does the anatomy of a muscle or bone differ from its physiology? Which describes appearance and location and which describes function?

Answer 1

1. Anatomy deals with form (appearance) and structure of a muscle or a bone. Physiology deals with their function. Essentially how a body part works = physiology, while the physical appearance and pieces that comprise a body part = anatomy.

Question 2

1.1) 2. How might abnormalities in an animal’s anatomy or physiology have a negative impact on its health and wellbeing?

Answer 2

2. The functions of the parts of an animal’s body are extremely interrelated. Therefore, an abnormality with either the anatomy or the physiology of any one part can affect the other as well as different aspects throughout the body.

Question 3

1.2) 1. How does each of the anatomic planes of reference (sagittal, median, transverse, and dorsal) divide a cow’s body?

Answer 3

1. The sagittal plane divides the body into left and right parts, which are not necessarily equal. The median plane runs lengthwise down the center of the animal’s body and divides it into equal left and right halves. The transverse plane divides the body into cranial and caudal parts, which are not necessarily equal. The dorsal plane divides the animal’s body at a right angle to the sagittal or transverse plane and divides the body into dorsal and ventral parts, which are not necessarily equal.

Question 4

1.2) 2. If you are facing a cat head-on, is its left ear on your left or right side?

Answer 4

2. Your right side; think of a mirror image.

Question 5

1.2) 3. Why must the term rostral be used instead of cranial to describe structures on a hedgehog’s head, but the term caudal works just fine?

Answer 5

3. Caudal always means toward the tail end of the body. The cranium is part of the head; therefore, the term cranial loses its meaning. Rostral specifically means toward the tip of the head or nose.

Question 6

1.2) 4. If your left hand is on a goat’s belly and your right hand is on its back, which hand is on the animal’s dorsal surface and which is on its ventral surface?

Answer 6

4. Left hand = ventral surface
   Right hand = dorsal surface

Question 7

1.2) 5. The next time you see a dog, differentiate between the medial and lateral surfaces of one of its elbows and the proximal and distal ends of one of its legs.

Answer 7

5. The medial surface is toward the center line of the animal’s body, and the lateral surface is on the outer side of the elbow. The proximal part of the leg is closer to the body relative to, for example, the toes, which are located distally.

Question 8

1.2) 6. If you insert a hypodermic needle into a horse’s muscle to give it an injection, which end of the needle “the tip or the hub” is located deep in the muscle and which end is located superficially?

Answer 8

6. The tip of the needle would be deep in the muscle and the hub would be located superficially.

Question 9

1.2) 7. What surface of a hamster’s front leg is in contact with the ground when it is walking normally? What surface of the hind leg?

Answer 9

7. Front leg = palmer
   Hind leg = plantar

Question 10

1.3) 1. According to the principle of bilateral symmetry, single structures in the body are located on or near which anatomic plane of reference?

Answer 10

1. The median plane

Question 11

1.3) 2. Where is the pleura found? Where is the peritoneum found?

Answer 11

2. The pleura is found in the thoracic cavity, and the peritoneum is in the abdominal cavity.

Question 12

1.3) 3. What is the difference between the visceral and the parietal layers of pleura and peritoneum?

Answer 12

3. The visceral layer covers the organs, and the parietal layer lines the whole cavity.

Question 13

1.4) 1. What is the difference btwn a cell, a tissue, an organ, and a system in an animal’s body?

Answer 13

1. A cell is the basic functional unit of life. Specialized cells grouped together form tissues. Organs are formed by groups of tissues that work together for a common purpose. Systems are groups of organs involved in a common set of activities.

Question 14

1.4) 2. What are the four basic tissues that make up an animal’s body?

Answer 14

2. Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous.

Question 15

1.5) 1. How does the normal anatomy and physiology of cells in an animal’s body impact the health of the animal as a whole? How does the normal anatomy and physiology of the animal’s body as a whole affect the health of each of its cells?

Answer 15

1. The health of cells affects the health of tissues, which affects the health of organs, which affects the health of systems, which affects the health of the whole body. Similarly, the health of the body affects the health of the systems, which affects the health of the organs, which affects the health of the tissues, which affects the health of cells.

Question 16

1.5) 2. How do homeostatic mechanisms influence the health of an animal?

Answer 16

2. As conditions inside and outside change, homeostatic mechanisms influence the health of an animal by adjusting as needed in order to maintain a fairly constant internal environment inside the body, making life possible.