Ch 5 Test Yourself

Question 1

What are the four primary types of tissue?

Answer 1

Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous

Question 2

What is histology?

Answer 2

Histology is the study of the microscopic structures of tissues and organs.

Question 3

List seven functions performed by epithelial cells.

Answer 3

• Protect, cover, and line other tissues
• Filter biochemical substances
• Absorb nutrients
• Provide sensory input
• Manufacture secretions
• Manufacture excretions
• Act as an interface layer that separates and defines the beginning and ending of different types of tissues.

Question 4

What four attributes characterize epithelial tissue in general?

Answer 4

• Epithelial cells are polar
• Lateral surfaces are connected by junctional complexes
• All epithelial cells lack blood vessels or capillaries
• Most epithelial cells are innervated

Question 5

What are the four types of cellular junctions?

Question 6

How does the basement membrane act as a partial barrier between the epithelial cell and the underlying connective tissue?

Answer 6

Oxygen and nutrient molecules diffuse through the basement membrane from capillaries in the underlying connective tissue.

Question 7

Why do some epithelial cells have cilia and microvilli?

Answer 7

Microvilli increase surface area for absorption and secretion; cilia facilitate movement of materials.

Question 8

What does it mean if epithelial tissue is classified as simple, stratified, or pseudostratified?

Answer 8

• Simple: single layer of cells
• Stratified: more than one layer of cells
• Pseudostratified: appears stratified but is a single layer with nuclei at different levels

Question 9

What are the three basic shapes of epithelial cell?

Answer 9

Squamous, cuboidal, and columnar

Question 10

Where can simple squamous epithelium be found?

Answer 10

Inner lining of the lung and filtration membranes of kidneys

Question 11

Where can simple cuboidal epithelium be found?

Answer 11

On the surface of ovaries and in the secretory portions of glands

Question 12

Where can simple columnar epithelium be found?

Answer 12

Lining the length of the gastrointestinal tract

Question 13

Where can stratified squamous epithelium be found?

Answer 13

Lining the mouth, esophagus, vagina, and rectum

Question 14

Where can pseudostratified columnar epithelium be found?

Answer 14

In the respiratory tract and portions of the male reproductive tract

Question 15

Where can transitional epithelium be found?

Answer 15

In portions of the urinary tract

Question 16

What is a gland?

Answer 16

A gland is a cell or group of cells that has the ability to manufacture and discharge a secretion.

Question 17

How do glands develop embryologically?

Answer 17

Multicellular glands form from the infolding of a layer of epithelial cells.

Question 18

What is the difference between endocrine and exocrine glands?

Answer 18

• Endocrine: no ducts, secrete hormones into bloodstream
• Exocrine: possess ducts, secrete locally

Question 19

Where are goblet cells found?

Answer 19

Interspersed among columnar cells of the respiratory and digestive tracts

Question 20

What do goblet cells secrete?

Answer 20

Mucin, which becomes mucus when combined with water.

Question 21

How are multicellular exocrine glands constructed?

Answer 21

They consist of a secretory unit and a duct carrying the secretion.

Question 22

Describe merocrine, apocrine, and holocrine glands.

Answer 22

• Merocrine: secrete via exocytosis without damaging cells
• Apocrine: lose apex of cell during secretion
• Holocrine: entire cell is destroyed during secretion

Question 23

How are serous and mucous secretions different?

Answer 23

• Serous: watery, high enzyme concentration
• Mucous: thick, viscous, composed of glycoproteins

Question 24

How are connective tissue and epithelial tissue similar?

Answer 24

Both may form membranes in the body.

Question 25

What are the three basic constituents of connective tissue?

Answer 25

Extracellular fibers, ground substance, and cells

Question 26

List seven functions of connective tissue.

Answer 26

* Forms metabolic and structural connections * Forms a protective sheath around organs * Helps insulate the body * Acts as a reserve for energy * Provides support * Transports substances * Plays a role in healing and immune response

Question 27

What are GAGs?

Answer 27

Glycosaminoglycans, which are the ground substance in soft connective tissue.

Question 28

What role do GAGs play in connective tissue?

Answer 28

They help orient fiber formation during healing.

Question 29

Compare collagenous, reticular, and elastic fibers.

Answer 29

* Collagenous: strong, thick, provide tensile strength * Reticular: thin, branched, support cellular organs * Elastic: branched, allow stretching

Question 30

What are fibroblasts?

Answer 30

Large, irregularly shaped cells that manufacture and secrete fibers and ground substance.

Question 31

Can you give three examples of transient cells in connective tissue?

Answer 31

* Leukocytes * Mast cells * Macrophages

Question 32

What are the two broad categories of connective tissue?

Answer 32

Connective tissue proper and specialized connective tissue.

Question 33

What are the components of areolar tissue?

Answer 33

Randomly placed fibers and cells in a thick, translucent ground substance.

Question 34

What is the common term for adipose tissue?

Answer 34

Fat

Question 35

How is brown fat different from white fat?

Answer 35

Brown fat is specialized for heat generation while white fat is used for energy storage.

Question 36

What happens to adipocytes as they fill with lipid?

Answer 36

The organelles and nuclei are pushed to one side, and the cells become large spheres with eccentrically placed nuclei. The cytosol is compressed into a thin rim surrounding the lipid droplet.

Question 37

What appearance does adipose tissue have microscopically due to its lipid content?

Answer 37

A 'chicken wire' appearance.

Question 38

What is brown adipose fat and its role?

Answer 38

A specialized form of adipose tissue found in newborns and hibernating animals that plays an important part in temperature regulation and heat production.

Question 39

How is lipid stored in brown fat compared to white fat?

Answer 39

In brown fat, lipid is stored in multiple small vesicles rather than in a single large droplet.

Question 40

Why does brown fat have a high number of mitochondria?

Answer 40

Because it dissipates energy derived from lipid oxidation as heat instead of adenosine triphosphate (ATP).

Question 41

What is the histological appearance of brown fat?

Answer 41

It looks glandular and is sometimes called the hibernating gland.

Question 42

What are three subtypes of dense connective tissue?

Answer 42

* Dense regular * Dense irregular * Elastic

Question 43

Give three examples of specialized connective tissue.

Answer 43

* Cartilage * Bone * Blood

Question 44

How is cartilage similar to connective tissue proper?

Answer 44

It is composed of cells, fibers, and matrix.

Question 45

What is a key difference between cartilage and dense connective tissue?

Answer 45

Cartilage is more rigid than dense connective tissue.

Question 46

What limits the thickness of cartilage?

Answer 46

Nutrients diffuse from the surrounding perichondrium through the matrix to the chondrocytes.

Question 47

Why is cartilage slow to heal?

Answer 47

Because it is avascular.

Question 48

Describe hyaline cartilage.

Answer 48

The most common type, composed of closely packed collagen fibers, tough but more flexible than bone, resembling blue-white, frosted ground glass.

Question 49

What characterizes elastic cartilage?

Answer 49

Contains an abundance of elastic fibers forming dense branching bundles, found in the epiglottis and external ears.

Question 50

What is fibrocartilage and where is it found?

Answer 50

Contains thick bundles of collagen fibers, fewer chondrocytes, lacks a perichondrium, found in vertebrae, pelvic girdle, and knee joint.

Question 51

Why are blood and bone both considered types of connective tissue?

Answer 51

Both contain cells, a matrix, and extracellular fibers.

Question 52

What two tissue types are membranes composed of?

Answer 52

* Epithelial * Connective tissue

Question 53

Where are mucous membranes found?

Answer 53

Lining the organs with connections to the outside environment, including digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts.

Question 54

What functions do mucous membranes perform?

Answer 54

* Produce protective and lubricating mucus * Assist with the passage of food or waste * Help trap pathogens and foreign particles

Question 55

What portion of a serous membrane covers the outer surface of organs?

Answer 55

The visceral layer.

Question 56

What is effusion?

Answer 56

The escape of fluid from its normal vessels into a body cavity.

Question 57

What is ascites?

Answer 57

The presence of an effusion in the peritoneal space.

Question 58

What is another name for cutaneous membrane?

Answer 58

Integument or skin.

Question 59

Where are synovial membranes found?

Answer 59

Lining the cavities of joints.

Question 60

How are synovial membranes different from other membrane types?

Answer 60

They have no epithelium and are composed completely of connective tissue.

Question 61

What are muscle fibers adapted for?

Answer 61

Contraction, composed of specialized proteins actin and myosin.

Question 62

List three types of muscle.

Answer 62

* Skeletal * Smooth * Cardiac

Question 63

What is a key feature of skeletal muscle?

Answer 63

It is striated and generally under voluntary control.

Question 64

What characterizes smooth muscle?

Answer 64

It is nonstriated and involuntary.

Question 65

What is unique about cardiac muscle?

Answer 65

It contracts involuntarily and has specialized pacemaker cells.

Question 66

What are the two basic cell types that make up neural tissue?

Answer 66

* Neurons * Supporting neuroglial cells

Question 67

What is the most important function of neural tissue?

Answer 67

To receive and transmit electrical and chemical signals throughout the body.

Question 68

What initiates the process of inflammation?

Answer 68

A period of vasoconstriction followed by vasodilation.

Question 69

What causes the clinical signs of heat, swelling, redness, and tenderness during inflammation?

Answer 69

* Increased blood flow * Plasma fluid accumulation * Irritation of nerve endings

Question 70

What is granulation tissue?

Answer 70

A bright pink tissue formed as macrophages clear debris, composed of collagen fibers and small capillaries.

Question 71

What is the difference between first- and second-intention wound repair?

Answer 71

* First intention: Edges held in close apposition without significant scarring. * Second intention: Edges separated, granulation tissue forms, resulting in scar formation.