IR spectroscopy observes the __________ of bonds
vibrations
speed of light
3 x 10^10 cm/second
(3 x 10^8 m/second)
c =
v (lambda)
E =
hv
electronic waves travel as _____________
photons
electromagnetic spectrum from highest energy to lowest
gamma, X rays, UV, visible light, infrared, microwaves, radio
molecular effect of X rays
ionization
molecular effect of UV radiation
electronic transitions
molecular effect of infrared
molecular vibrations
molecular effect of microwaves
rotational movement
molecular effect of radio waves
nuclear spin transitions
wavenumber
1/lambda
when the bond is compressed, its dipole moment ______________
decreases
when the bond is stretched, its dipole moment _______________
increases
what is found in the 3300-3400 region
alcohol, amine, alkyne (terminal)
what is found in the 3000 region
just above - sp2 CH
just below - sp3 CH
carboxylic acid
what is found around 2200
just below: alkyne
just above: nitrile
what is found around 1710
carbonyl
carbonyl compounds from left to right
- esters (1735)
- aldehydes (1725)
- ketones/acids (1710)
- amides (1650)
does conjugation lower or raise frequency
lower
what is found at about 1660
- alkene
- imine
- amide
what is found at 1000-1200
C-O stretch
do we usually use low or high resolution mass spectrometry
low
mass spectrometry sign of Cl
M+2 third as large as M+
