Ch 14

Question 1

Complete dominance

Answer 1

Dominant allele always determines trait

Question 2

Allele

Answer 2

Alternative versions of a gene.

Question 3

X-linked gene

Answer 3

Gene located on X chromosome, often expressed more in males.

Question 4

Dominant allele

Answer 4

Expressed whenever present in genotype.

Question 5

Character

Answer 5

Heritable feature (ex: flower character)

Question 6

Linkage

Answer 6

Genes located close together on the same chromosome tend to be inherited together.

Question 7

Genetics

Answer 7

The study of heredity and variation

Question 8

Autosomal inheritance

Answer 8

Inheritance of genes located on autosomes (non-sex chromosomes).

Question 9

Recombination frequency

Answer 9

Percentage of offspring showing new allele combinations due to crossing over.

Question 10

Pleiotropy

Answer 10

One gene affects multiple traits.

Question 11

Pedigree

Answer 11

A family tree showing inheritance of traits over generations.

Question 12

Dominant disorder

Answer 12

Expressed in individuals with one dominant allele.

Question 13

F2 generation

Answer 13

offspring of F1

Question 14

Autosomal dominant

Answer 14

Appears every generation; affected individuals have an affected parent.

Question 15

Recessive allele

Answer 15

Only expressed when 2 copies are present.

Question 16

Wildtype

Answer 16

The most common allele or phenotype in a natural population.

Question 17

Heterozygous

Answer 17

Two different alleles (Aa).

Question 18

Recessive disorder

Answer 18

Only expressed in homozygous recessive individuals.

Question 19

Codominance

Answer 19

Both alleles expressed.

Question 20

Particulate inheritance

Answer 20

Genes retain their identity across generations (they do not blend).

Question 21

True-breeding

Answer 21

Individuals that produce offspring with the same trait when self-fertilized.

Question 22

Epistasis

Answer 22

Expression of gene at 1 locus alters the phenotypic expression of a gene at a different locus.

Question 23

Law of independent assortment

Answer 23

Genes for different traits assort independently during gamete formation (if unlinked).

Question 24

Multiple allelism

Answer 24

More than two alleles exist for a gene in a population (e.g., ABO blood group).

Question 25

Epigenetics

Answer 25

Heritable changes in gene expression without changes to DNA sequence.

Question 26

Law of segregation

Answer 26

Allele pairs separate during gamete formation in meiosis.

Question 27

X-linked recessive

Answer 27

More common in males, passed through carrier females often.

Question 28

X-linked dominant

Answer 28

Appears in every generation, affected fathers pass trait to all daughters.

Question 29

Hybrid

Answer 29

An organism produced by crossing parents with different traits.

Question 30

Monohybrid cross

Answer 30

cross involving 1 gene

Question 31

Punnett square

Answer 31

Diagram used to predict offspring genotypes and phenotypes.

Question 32

Autosomal recessive

Answer 32

Can skip generations; parents may be carriers without being affected.

Question 33

Sex-linked genes

Answer 33

Genes located on sex chromosomes

Question 34

Phenotype

Answer 34

The observable physical or biochemical traits.

Question 35

Trait

Answer 35

Specific form of a character (ex: purple flowers)

Question 36

Self-fertilization

Answer 36

Fertilization of a plant by its own pollen (common in Mendel’s experiments).

Question 37

Trihybrid cross

Answer 37

cross involving 3 genes

Question 38

Y-linked gene

Answer 38

Gene on the Y chromosome; passed father → son only.

Question 39

Genotype

Answer 39

The genetic makeup of an organism (e.g., AA, Aa).

Question 40

F1 generation

Answer 40

offspring of P

Question 41

P generation

Answer 41

Parental generation

Question 42

Polymorphic trait

Answer 42

A trait with multiple common phenotypes in a population.

Question 43

Homozygous

Answer 43

Two identical alleles (AA or aa).

Question 44

Polygenic trait

Answer 44

Quantitative trait controlled by multiple genes; shows continuous variation (e.g., height).

Question 45

Testcross

Answer 45

Cross between an individual with a dominant phenotype and a homozygous recessive to determine unknown genotype.

Question 46

Heredity

Answer 46

The transmission of traits from parents to offpsring.

Question 47

Genetic map

Answer 47

A chromosome map based on recombination frequencies.

Question 48

Incomplete dominance

Answer 48

Neither allele is completely dominant, shows intermediate phenotype.

Question 49

Dihybrid cross

Answer 49

cross involving 2 genes

Question 50

Reciprocal cross

Answer 50

Reversing the sexes of parents to test for sex-linked inheritance.