ch 14 reading

Question 1

what is Atkinson and Shiffrin’s information processing approach?

Answer 1

flow of info through or between these diff components – encoded via the sensory register, encodes what is seen and heard

Question 2

what does the information processing approach do?

Answer 2

how the info is processed determines whether it is transferred to the LTM

Question 3

how is this info processed?

Answer 3

via various control mechanisms as it flows through the system

Question 4

what are potential limitations?

Answer 4

encoding
computational
retrieval
storage
workspace

Question 5

what did Brainerd study in 1983?

Answer 5

7 tokens had a rabbit and the other 3 had a horse – children were asked to predict what the pic on the token would be – after one trial the token was replaced in the bag w/o the child seeing it and the procedure was repeated 4 more times

Question 6

what did Piaget find which led Brainerd to do their study?

Answer 6

Piaget found children were poor at this task and would not consistently predict the pic with the higher frequency

Question 7

what did Brainerd find in their study?

Answer 7

on the first trial majority of the children predicted that the token would have a rabbit on it but not in the other 4 trials

Question 8

what are encoding stratgies?

Answer 8

rehearsal

organisation

elaboration

Question 9

What did Flavell study regarding rehearsal?

Answer 9

20 5,7, 10 y/o a set of 7 pics – experimenter pointed to some of the pics and told the children that they should try and remember those specific pics. 15secs later the children were asked to say aloud all the pics they could recall – during this 15secs the child was observed by a lip reader. Only 2 of the 5 y/o repeated the pics to themselves but more than half of the 7 y/o and nearly all the 10 y/o could be seen repeating the pics. Children who recalled more pics rehearsed the pics.

Question 10

what did Moely study regarding organisation?

Answer 10

asked children to learn names of pics and told they could rearrange pics if they thought that would help them remember – only after the age of 10 did they realise the usefulness of rearranging pics into categories so they could learn all animals as a group, all furniture as a group etc

Question 11

what did Pressley and Levin study regarding elaboration?

Answer 11

7 year olds didn’t use elaboration spontaneously to learn pairs of eng and Spanish words but could use elaboration if they were provided with an effective mnemonic at the time of learning the pairs. – given this support the 6y/o learned the pairs of words nearly as well as 11y/o

Question 12

what is metacognition?

Answer 12

A persons awareness of his or her own cog abilities and limitations

Question 13

what did Wellman study regarding awareness of learning context?

Answer 13

3-5y/o pairs of pics of variables that may influence learning and recall. By 5 children understood most of these factors they were able to choose the pic that indicated when recall was likely to be better

Question 14

what did Flavell study regarding awareness of capacity?

Answer 14

up to 10 pics shown – young children unrealistic in the num they would remember – only after age of 9 were majority of their predictions correct

Question 15

what is constructive memory and knowledge?

Answer 15

persons ability to infer, extrapolate or invent info that may never have been directly experienced – it can lead to incorrect inference
- related to scripts and schemas