Ch. 31 Bleeding

Question 1

What is afterload?

Answer 1

The pressure in the aorta against which the left ventricle must pump blood; increasing this pressure can decrease cardiac output.

Question 2

What is blood?

Answer 2

The fluid tissue that is pumped by the heart through the arteries, veins, and capillaries; it consists of plasma and formed elements or cells, such as red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets

Question 3

What is cardiac output (CO)?

Answer 3

The amount of blood pumped by the heart per minute; calculated by multiplying the stroke volume by the heart rate per minute.

Question 4

What is compensated shock?

Answer 4

The early stage of shock, in which the body can still compensate for blood loss. The systolic blood pressure and brain perfusion are maintained.

Question 5

What is decompensated (hypotensive) shock?

Answer 5

The late stage of shock, when BP is falling.

Question 6

What is ejection fraction (EF)?

Answer 6

The percentage of blood that leaves the heart each time it contracts.

Question 7

What is exsanguination?

Answer 7

The loss of the total blood volume, resulting in death.

Question 8

What is hematemesis?

Answer 8

Vomited blood.

Question 9

What is hematochezia?

Answer 9

Passage of stools containing bright red blood.

Question 10

What is hematocrit?

Answer 10

The proportion of red blood cells in the total blood volume.

Question 11

What is hematoma?

Answer 11

A mass of blood in the soft tissues beneath the skin; it indicates bleeding into soft tissues and may be the result of a minor or a severe injury.

Question 12

What is hematuria?

Answer 12

Blood in the urine.

Question 13

What is hemophilia?

Answer 13

A bleeding disorder that is primarily hereditary, in which clotting does not occur or occurs insufficiently.

Question 14

What is hemoptysis?

Answer 14

Coughed-up blood.

Question 15

What is hemorrhage?

Answer 15

Bleeding.

Question 16

What is hemorrhagic shock?

Answer 16

A condition in which volume is lost in the form of blood.

Question 17

What is hemostasis?

Answer 17

The body’s natural blood-clotting mechanism.

Question 18

What is hypoperfusion?

Answer 18

A condition that occurs when the level of tissue perfusion decreases below that needed to maintain normal cellular functions.

Question 19

What is hypovolemic shock?

Answer 19

A condition that occurs when the circulating blood volume is inadequate to deliver adequate oxygen and nutrients to the body.

Question 20

What is irreversible shock?

Answer 20

The final stage of shock, prior to death.

Question 21

What is melena?

Answer 21

Passage of dark, tarry stools.

Question 22

What is perfusion?

Answer 22

The delivery of oxygen and nutrients to the cells, organs, and tissues of the body.

Question 23

What is plasma?

Answer 23

A component of blood, made of 92% water, 6% to 7% proteins, and electrolytes, clotting factors, and glucose.

Question 24

What are platelets?

Answer 24

Small cells in the blood that are essential for clot formation.

Question 25

What is preload?

Answer 25

The precontraction pressure in the heart, which increases as the volume of blood builds up.

Question 26

What is shock?

Answer 26

An abnormal state associated with inadequate oxygen and nutrient delivery to the metabolic apparatus of the cell.

Question 27

What is stroke volume (SV)?

Answer 27

The amount of blood that the left ventricle ejects into the aorta per contraction.