KRS 354 > Ch 4 > Flashcards

Ch 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the main function of the endocrine system?

A

To regulate body functions through hormone secretion.

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2
Q

How are hormones transported in the body?

A

Through the bloodstream to target cells.

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3
Q

What must a cell have to respond to a hormone?

A

A specific receptor.

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4
Q

What is the term for a hormone bound to its receptor?

A

Hormone-receptor complex.

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5
Q

What determines the magnitude of a hormone’s effect?

A

Hormone concentration receptor number and receptor affinity.

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6
Q

What is downregulation?

A

Decrease in receptor number due to high hormone levels.

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7
Q

What is upregulation?

A

Increase in receptor number due to low hormone levels.

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8
Q

What system works with the endocrine system to regulate exercise physiology?

A

The nervous system.

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9
Q

What combined system regulates physiological processes during exercise?

A

The neuroendocrine system.

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10
Q

What does the endocrine system help maintain?

A

Homeostasis.

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11
Q

What are the two main hormone classes?

A

Steroid and non-steroid hormones.

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12
Q

What are steroid hormones derived from?

A

Cholesterol.

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13
Q

Are steroid hormones lipid soluble?

A

Yes.

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14
Q

Where are steroid hormone receptors located?

A

Cytoplasm or nucleus.

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15
Q

What mechanism do steroid hormones use?

A

Direct gene activation.

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16
Q

What happens after steroid hormones bind their receptor?

A

The complex binds DNA and stimulates protein synthesis.

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17
Q

Are non-steroid hormones lipid soluble?

A

No.

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18
Q

Where do non-steroid hormones bind?

A

Cell membrane receptors.

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19
Q

What messenger is commonly used by non-steroid hormones?

A

cAMP.

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20
Q

What enzyme forms cAMP from ATP?

A

Adenylate cyclase.

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21
Q

What gland is known as the master gland?

A

Pituitary gland.

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22
Q

What controls the pituitary gland?

A

Hypothalamus.

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23
Q

What are the two parts of the pituitary gland?

A

Anterior and posterior pituitary.

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24
Q

What hormone does the posterior pituitary release that controls water balance?

A

ADH.

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25
What hormones are released from the adrenal medulla?
Epinephrine and norepinephrine.
26
What hormone does the pancreas release to lower blood glucose?
Insulin.
27
What hormone does the pancreas release to increase blood glucose?
Glucagon.
28
What hormone is produced in the kidneys to stimulate RBC production?
Erythropoietin.
29
What hormones are produced by the thyroid gland?
T3 and T4.
30
What hormone is secreted by the adrenal cortex to regulate stress metabolism?
Cortisol.
31
What hormone from the anterior pituitary stimulates muscle growth?
Growth hormone.
32
What does ACTH stimulate?
Cortisol release from the adrenal cortex.
33
What type of hormone is ACTH?
Tropic hormone.
34
What does growth hormone stimulate?
Amino acid transport into cells.
35
What metabolic process does growth hormone stimulate?
Lipolysis.
36
What happens to growth hormone during intense exercise?
It increases dramatically.
37
How much can growth hormone increase during maximal exercise?
Up to about 25 times resting levels.
38
What effect does growth hormone have on glucose use?
Decreases glucose uptake.
39
What energy substrate does growth hormone promote?
Fat.
40
What process does growth hormone increase in the liver?
Gluconeogenesis.
41
What does HPA stand for?
Hypothalamus Pituitary Adrenal axis.
42
What hormone does the hypothalamus release first in the HPA axis?
CRH.
43
What hormone does CRH stimulate?
ACTH.
44
What gland does ACTH stimulate?
Adrenal cortex.
45
What hormone is released from the adrenal cortex in response?
Cortisol.
46
What type of hormone is cortisol?
Glucocorticoid.
47
When does cortisol peak during exercise?
30 to 45 minutes.
48
What metabolic pathway does cortisol stimulate?
Gluconeogenesis.
49
What macronutrient breakdown does cortisol stimulate?
Protein catabolism.
50
What energy substrate mobilization does cortisol promote?
Free fatty acids.
51
What hormones are catecholamines?
Epinephrine and norepinephrine.
52
What gland releases catecholamines?
Adrenal medulla.
53
What system stimulates catecholamine release?
Sympathetic nervous system.
54
What response is triggered by catecholamines?
Fight or flight.
55
What happens to heart rate during catecholamine release?
It increases.
56
What metabolic pathway increases due to epinephrine?
Glycogenolysis.
57
What fuel mobilization increases with catecholamines?
Free fatty acids.
58
What happens to blood pressure with catecholamines?
It increases.
59
When does norepinephrine increase during exercise intensity?
Around 50 percent VO2max.
60
When does epinephrine significantly increase?
Around 60 to 70 percent VO2max.
61
What hormone lowers blood glucose?
Insulin.
62
What cells produce insulin?
Beta cells of the pancreas.
63
What hormone raises blood glucose?
Glucagon.
64
What cells produce glucagon?
Alpha cells of the pancreas.
65
What happens to insulin during exercise?
It decreases.
66
Why does insulin decrease during exercise?
To allow glucose mobilization.
67
What happens to glucagon during exercise?
It increases.
68
What process does glucagon stimulate in the liver?
Glycogenolysis.
69
What process does glucagon increase besides glycogen breakdown?
Gluconeogenesis.
70
What fuel mobilization does glucagon stimulate?
Free fatty acids.
71
What is GLUT4?
An insulin regulated glucose transporter.
72
Where is GLUT4 found?
Skeletal muscle and fat tissue.
73
What stimulates GLUT4 translocation?
Insulin and exercise.
74
What does GLUT4 allow?
Glucose entry into cells.
75
What happens to insulin sensitivity with exercise?
It increases.
76
What is the primary fuel at rest and low intensity exercise?
Free fatty acids.
77
What hormone decrease stimulates lipolysis the most?
Insulin.
78
What hormones stimulate lipolysis?
Epinephrine norepinephrine cortisol and growth hormone.
79
What process breaks triglycerides into fatty acids?
Lipolysis.
80
What process oxidizes fatty acids in mitochondria?
Beta oxidation.
81
What hormone responds fastest to exercise for glucose control?
Glucagon.
82
What hormones gradually increase during exercise?
Catecholamines.
83
Why does glucose rise early in exercise?
The liver releases glucose faster than muscle uses it.
84
What happens to glucose after exercise?
It enters muscles to replenish glycogen.
85
What determines blood glucose response during exercise?
Exercise intensity and duration.
86
What hormone conserves water during exercise?
ADH.
87
What gland releases ADH?
Posterior pituitary.
88
What triggers ADH release?
Increased plasma osmolality.
89
What organ does ADH act on?
Kidneys.
90
What does ADH increase in the kidneys?
Water reabsorption.
91
What gland produces aldosterone?
Adrenal cortex.
92
What type of hormone is aldosterone?
Mineralocorticoid.
93
What electrolyte does aldosterone conserve?
Sodium.
94
What electrolyte does aldosterone excrete?
Potassium.
95
What happens to water when sodium is retained?
Water follows sodium.
96
What enzyme do kidneys release when blood pressure drops?
Renin.
97
What does renin convert?
Angiotensinogen to angiotensin I.
98
What converts angiotensin I into angiotensin II?
ACE.
99
Where does ACE primarily act?
Lungs.
100
What does angiotensin II stimulate?
Aldosterone release and vasoconstriction.
101
What hormones are produced by the thyroid gland?
T3 and T4.
102
What do thyroid hormones regulate?
Metabolism.
103
What hormone stimulates thyroid hormone release?
TSH.
104
What does TSH stand for?
Thyroid stimulating hormone.
105
What effect do thyroid hormones have on mitochondria?
Increase number and size.
106
What hormone increases blood calcium?
Parathyroid hormone.
107
What hormone decreases blood calcium?
Calcitonin.
108
What cells break down bone?
Osteoclasts.
109
What cells build bone?
Osteoblasts.
110
What gland produces calcitonin?
Thyroid C cells.
111
What hormone promotes muscle growth in males?
Testosterone.
112
What type of hormone is testosterone?
An anabolic steroid.
113
What hormones are the main female sex hormones?
Estrogen and progesterone.
114
Where is testosterone mainly produced?
Testes.
115
What hormone levels fluctuate during the menstrual cycle?
Estrogen and progesterone.
116
What happens to insulin sensitivity with regular exercise?
It increases.
117
What happens to glucagon response after endurance training?
It decreases.
118
What adaptation occurs in the adrenal medulla with endurance training?
Increased catecholamine secretion capacity.
119
What happens to growth hormone with aging?
It decreases.
120
What is the main hormonal goal during exercise?
Maintain blood glucose and energy supply.
KRS 354
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