KRS 354 > Ch 6 > Flashcards

Ch 6 Flashcards

(101 cards)

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1
Q

What is the main function of the cardiovascular system during exercise?

A

To deliver oxygen and nutrients to working muscles and remove waste products.

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2
Q

What are the two main components of the cardiovascular system?

A

The heart and blood vessels.

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3
Q

What are the two circuits of blood flow in the body?

A

Pulmonary circulation and systemic circulation.

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4
Q

What is pulmonary circulation?

A

Blood flow between the heart and lungs.

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5
Q

What is systemic circulation?

A

Blood flow between the heart and the rest of the body.

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6
Q

What side of the heart pumps blood to the lungs?

A

The right side of the heart.

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7
Q

What side of the heart pumps blood to the body?

A

The left side of the heart.

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8
Q

What are the four chambers of the heart?

A

Right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, left ventricle.

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9
Q

What valve separates the right atrium and right ventricle?

A

Tricuspid valve.

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10
Q

What valve separates the left atrium and left ventricle?

A

Mitral (bicuspid) valve.

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11
Q

What valve controls blood flow from the right ventricle to the lungs?

A

Pulmonary valve.

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12
Q

What valve controls blood flow from the left ventricle to the aorta?

A

Aortic valve.

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13
Q

What is the function of heart valves?

A

To prevent backflow of blood.

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14
Q

What is the cardiac cycle?

A

The sequence of events during one heartbeat.

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15
Q

What is systole?

A

The contraction phase of the heart.

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16
Q

What is diastole?

A

The relaxation phase of the heart.

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17
Q

What structure separates the left and right sides of the heart?

A

The septum.

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18
Q

What is cardiac output?

A

The amount of blood pumped by the heart per minute.

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19
Q

What is the formula for cardiac output?

A

Heart rate multiplied by stroke volume.

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20
Q

What is heart rate?

A

The number of heartbeats per minute.

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21
Q

What is stroke volume?

A

The amount of blood ejected from the left ventricle per beat.

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22
Q

What happens to cardiac output during exercise?

A

It increases.

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23
Q

Why does cardiac output increase during exercise?

A

To deliver more oxygen to working muscles.

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24
Q

What is resting cardiac output in an average adult?

A

About 5 liters per minute.

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25
What can cardiac output reach during intense exercise in trained individuals?
20 to 40 liters per minute.
26
What is end-diastolic volume?
The amount of blood in the ventricle before contraction.
27
What is end-systolic volume?
The amount of blood remaining in the ventricle after contraction.
28
What is ejection fraction?
The percentage of blood pumped out of the ventricle each beat.
29
What is the Frank-Starling mechanism?
Increased stretch of the heart leads to stronger contraction.
30
What causes increased venous return during exercise?
Muscle pump and respiratory pump.
31
What is the muscle pump?
Muscle contractions pushing blood back toward the heart.
32
What is the respiratory pump?
Breathing movements aiding venous return.
33
What is the SA node?
The heart's natural pacemaker.
34
Where is the SA node located?
In the right atrium.
35
What is the AV node?
A relay station for electrical impulses between atria and ventricles.
36
What is the bundle of His?
Pathway transmitting impulses to ventricles.
37
What are Purkinje fibers?
Fibers that distribute electrical impulses through the ventricles.
38
What is an electrocardiogram (ECG)?
A recording of electrical activity of the heart.
39
What does the P wave represent?
Atrial depolarization.
40
What does the QRS complex represent?
Ventricular depolarization.
41
What does the T wave represent?
Ventricular repolarization.
42
What happens to heart rate during exercise?
It increases.
43
What nervous system increases heart rate during exercise?
Sympathetic nervous system.
44
What nervous system decreases heart rate?
Parasympathetic nervous system.
45
What neurotransmitter increases heart rate?
Norepinephrine.
46
What neurotransmitter decreases heart rate?
Acetylcholine.
47
What is blood pressure?
The force of blood against artery walls.
48
What are the two blood pressure measurements?
Systolic and diastolic pressure.
49
What is systolic blood pressure?
Pressure during ventricular contraction.
50
What is diastolic blood pressure?
Pressure during ventricular relaxation.
51
What happens to systolic pressure during exercise?
It increases.
52
What happens to diastolic pressure during exercise?
It stays the same or slightly decreases.
53
What are arteries?
Blood vessels carrying blood away from the heart.
54
What are veins?
Blood vessels carrying blood toward the heart.
55
What are capillaries?
Tiny vessels where exchange of gases occurs.
56
What is vasodilation?
Widening of blood vessels.
57
What is vasoconstriction?
Narrowing of blood vessels.
58
What causes vasodilation during exercise?
Local metabolic factors and nitric oxide.
59
Why does vasodilation occur in muscles during exercise?
To increase blood flow to active muscles.
60
What happens to blood flow to digestive organs during exercise?
It decreases.
61
What is redistribution of blood flow?
Blood being redirected to active muscles.
62
What percentage of cardiac output goes to muscles during intense exercise?
Up to about 85%.
63
What hormone increases heart rate during exercise?
Epinephrine.
64
What gland releases epinephrine?
Adrenal medulla.
65
What is VO2?
Volume of oxygen consumed by the body.
66
What determines VO2?
Cardiac output and oxygen extraction.
67
What is the Fick equation?
VO2 = cardiac output × arteriovenous oxygen difference.
68
What is arteriovenous oxygen difference?
The difference between oxygen in arterial and venous blood.
69
What happens to a-vO2 difference during exercise?
It increases.
70
Why does a-vO2 difference increase during exercise?
Muscles extract more oxygen from blood.
71
What happens to stroke volume during exercise?
It increases then plateaus.
72
What factors increase stroke volume?
Increased venous return and stronger contraction.
73
What is maximal heart rate mainly determined by?
Age.
74
What is a common formula for predicting HR max?
220 minus age.
75
How does endurance training affect resting heart rate?
It decreases.
76
Why do trained athletes have lower resting heart rate?
Higher stroke volume.
77
How does endurance training affect stroke volume?
It increases.
78
What happens to blood volume with endurance training?
It increases.
79
What is cardiac hypertrophy?
Enlargement of the heart muscle.
80
What type of hypertrophy occurs in endurance athletes?
Eccentric hypertrophy.
81
What is peripheral resistance?
Resistance to blood flow in vessels.
82
What happens to peripheral resistance during exercise?
It decreases.
83
What is mean arterial pressure?
Average pressure in arteries during one cardiac cycle.
84
How is mean arterial pressure roughly estimated?
Diastolic pressure plus one third pulse pressure.
85
What is pulse pressure?
Difference between systolic and diastolic pressure.
86
What causes increased venous return during exercise?
Muscle pump respiratory pump and venoconstriction.
87
What happens to skin blood flow during prolonged exercise?
It increases for heat dissipation.
88
Why is skin blood flow important during exercise?
It helps regulate body temperature.
89
What is thermoregulation?
Maintaining body temperature.
90
What happens to plasma volume during prolonged exercise?
It decreases due to sweating.
91
What is cardiovascular drift?
Gradual increase in heart rate during prolonged exercise.
92
What causes cardiovascular drift?
Dehydration and increased body temperature.
93
What happens to stroke volume during cardiovascular drift?
It decreases.
94
How does the body maintain cardiac output during drift?
Heart rate increases.
95
What is baroreceptor function?
Sensing blood pressure changes.
96
Where are baroreceptors located?
Carotid sinus and aortic arch.
97
What happens to baroreceptors during exercise?
Their set point resets to a higher pressure.
98
What is oxygen delivery dependent on?
Blood flow and oxygen content.
99
What determines oxygen content of blood?
Hemoglobin concentration and saturation.
100
What happens to hemoglobin during endurance training?
It may increase slightly.
101
What is the main cardiovascular goal during exercise?
Maintain adequate blood flow and oxygen delivery to muscles.
KRS 354
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