Ch 5

Question 1

what are the nutrients in soil for vines

Answer 1

Nitrogen
phosphorus
potassium

Question 2

describe the amount of nutrients that vines require? what is called when vines do not have enough

Answer 2

don’t need much for vines to thrive

cholorosis is the lack of nutrients which turns leaves yellow; solved by fertilisers

Question 3

what is the ideal amount of water vine need?

Answer 3

ideal needed good supply early in the season to support shoot and leaf growth
-followed by mild stress after verasion

Question 4

define humus

Answer 4

made up of decomposing plant and animal material

• rich in plan nutrients
• excellent water retaining properties

Question 5

soil comes from where? describe the different size soils?

stones, sand, clay

Answer 5

____ comes from underlying rock or later deposits

• size crucial
• stones help to heat vineyard
• sand large particles
• clay small particles

Question 6

define: soil composition

Answer 6

sits above underlying bedrock

• range from few centimeters to several meters deep
• made of tiny particles of various size

Question 7

factors affect soil for

Answer 7

soil composition
stones, sand, clay
humus

Question 8

define mediterrean climate

Answer 8

low temp difference

• warm summers and dry
• coastal California, Chile, S Africa, SE Australia
• fuller bodied, riper tannin, higher alcohol

Question 9

define maritime climate

Answer 9

cool to moderate temp

• low annual difference
• rain evenly spread
• ripen far into fall
• Bordeaux can ripen cab sauv
• spring rain can be harmful to fruit set

Question 10

define continental climate

Answer 10

climate that has the greatest difference in temperature between hottest and coldest months

• high continentality : Chablis/ champagne
• dry summer may need irrigation

Question 11

a growing region can be defined by

Answer 11

climate class: cool, moderate, warm, hot
Diurnal Range
Time of rainfall
Climate Category: Continental, maritime, Mediterranean
Continentality: low/ high

Question 12

3 climate categories for growing grapes?

Answer 12

continental
maritime
Mediterranean

Question 13

hot climates is what temp?

Answer 13

region w/ an average growing season temp in excess of 21 C

Question 14

warm climates is what temp?

Answer 14

region w/ an average growing season temp of 18.5-21 C

Question 15

moderate climate is what temp?

Answer 15

region with average growing season temp of 16.5- 18.5

Question 16

cool climates is what temp?

Answer 16

regions w/ an average growing season temp of 16.5 or below

Question 17

define region’s weather

Answer 17

is the annual variation that happens

Question 18

define cliamte

Answer 18

the temperature, sunlight, water availability

• defined as the annual pattern of temperature, sunlight, rainfall out over several years
• does not change year to year

Question 19

describe hail in a vineyard and what are preventive measures?

Answer 19

-can destroy entire crops but tends to be localized
eg mendoza

preventive measure:

• netting
• reduce risk by owing several vineyard sites

Question 20

describe how rainfall timing and how much falls can be a hazard

Answer 20

can have an affect on flowering and fruit set and be disruptive

• reduce number of grapes formed
• damp conditions spread fungal disease, swelling /split grapes

Question 21

describe the hazards of different amount of water

Answer 21

1) drought: stop transpiration to preserve, resources
- extensive photo synthesis stops
2) too much: to much growth = less sugar in grapes and increased shading/ water logged in soil affects roots
3) hail: destroys crops

Question 22

define transpiration

Answer 22

-vine access water through roots and draws it up to the leaves
-amount of water determined by temperature
-once canopy has grown, limiting supply = beneficial
can concentrate flavors

Question 23

list they ways water is brought to a vineyard

Answer 23

• rainfall and irrigation
• drip irrigation
• sprinklers
• flood irrigation

Question 24

sunlight: describe how too much / too little can affect a vineyards and what are preventive measures?

Answer 24

• low level can cause small crop
• intense___ can cause burn, leading to bitter flavors in skins

Preventive measure: good canopy management

Question 25

describe the relationship between sunlight and a slope's aspect?

Answer 25

- steep slopes benefit more - __ face equator= most sun - further from equator, sun is weaker

Question 26

describe the relationship between sunlight and neighboring seas and lakes

Answer 26

vineyard near large lake or large bodies of water experience more clouds - more continentalality the more sun - river and lakes can reflect sun into the vineyard

Question 27

describe the relationship between sunlight and latitude

Answer 27

- dry length is longer then further from the equator - growing season is longer the further from the equator - factors important to ripen riesling in germany

Question 28

factors affecting sunlight include:

Answer 28

latitude seas and lakes aspects

Question 29

plants need 5 things

Answer 29

1) heat --> sun, soil 2) sunlight--> reflected from water, affecting quantity 3) carbon dioxide--> quality of 4) water --> rain irrigation soil 5) nutrients --> particles, humus, fertilizers

Question 30

describe temperature hazard during the growing season | cold

Answer 30

- cold temps in spring delay bud burst - shortens growing season - may any have time to ripen grapes

Question 31

describe temperature hazard during the growing season | warm?

Answer 31

extreme heat will slow activity even when there is sufficient water

Question 32

growers minimize risk of spring frost by using

Answer 32

heaters wind machines sprinkler thoughtful vineyard design

Question 33

temperature hazards; spring

Answer 33

water vapor that settles on the ground or vine--> can kill newly burst buds or young shoots

Question 34

temperature hazards: winter

Answer 34

below 20C can damage/ kill - graft is most at risk * * earth used to cover mild or no ____ vine will not have dormant period -shorten life may reduce quality -more pests to consider

Question 35

factors affecting heat: diurnal range

Answer 35

difference between daytime and nighttime temp - cool nights slow loss of aroma and acidity - proximity to sea and lakes can reduce - level of cloud cover influences ___ - cloud insulate and trap heat

Question 36

factors that affect continentality

Answer 36

LOW____ -large bodies of water that heat and cool more slowly than the land mass alone HIGH____ -region far inland ____ will determine the length of growing season =influence grape varietal picked here

Question 37

factors affecting heat: continentality

Answer 37

____ the temp difference between the coldest and hottest months -regions with high ____ has large differences in seasonal temperatures

Question 38

factors affecting heat: aspect

Answer 38

___ facing the equator receive the most heat -northern hemisphers need south facing ___ -steeper slopes benefit even mo re eg best wines in Mosel

Question 39

factors affecting heat: soil

Answer 39

___ that are dark in color or have high stone and rock content absorb and re-radiate - with high water require more heat to warm up - cold soil may delay bud burst

Question 40

factors affecting heat fog

Answer 40

help to cool an area | -important to california and Casablanca Valley chilie

Question 41

a warm water ocean current

Answer 41

gulf stream warms NW europe

Question 42

2 cold water ocean currents

Answer 42

Humboldt--> off Chile Benguela --> off S Africa

Question 43

factors affecting heat: ocean currents

Answer 43

____ transport large volumes of warm / cold water

Question 44

describe the relationship between heat and altitude

Answer 44

as ___ increases temperature drops - a region at a high _____ can grow grapes closer to the equator - cayfayate, northern Argentina

Question 45

describe the relationship between heat and latitude

Answer 45

most vineyards are between 30-50 d | n and S of equator

Question 46

factors that affect heat include

Answer 46

``` Latitude altitude ocean current fog soil absorb/ reradible aspect Continentality and diurnal range ```

Question 47

fruit set

Answer 47

early summer the vine flowers and small grapes form

Question 48

describe vine's annual growth cycle

Answer 48

- winter dormant - spring bud burst - late spring / early summer--> vine flowers and small grapes form - summer- grapes grow (still hard) - late summer/ early fall: grapes swell and sugar increase, acid decrease, flower develop change color

Question 49

veraison

Answer 49

when grapes change color fist sign of ripening from green to black blue or pink or golden

Question 50

a vine needs heat to do what

Answer 50

below 10c too cold for growth ___ is for: successful flowering, fruit set ripening -amount is the defining factor that determines grape variety to grow

Question 51

describe which soils hold what amount of water?

Answer 51

- ___ is stored in the soil by binding to clay particles or humus - sand and stony do not hold ___ - mixture sand and clay = loam