Ch. 7

Question 1

articulations

Answer 1

joints

- the sites where 2 or more bones meet

Question 2

What are the functions of the joints?

Answer 2

May Help Protect

• provide Motility to the skeleton
• Hold skeleton together
• Have some Protective function

Question 3

How are joints classified based on functionality?

Answer 3

• synarthroses - immovable
• amphiarthroses - slightly movable
• diarthroses - freely movable

Question 4

fibrous joints

Answer 4

bones connected by fibrous tissue. No joint cavity present.

Question 5

sutures

Answer 5

found only between the bones of the skull

• fibers between the bones are very short
• Synarthrotic
• Used for growth but eventually they fuse into synostoses (bony junctions)

Question 6

syndesmoses

Answer 6

• fibers between the bones are slightly longer and the bones are connected by the ligament
• amphiarthrotic joints
• Ex. distal tibial-fibular joint or ankle and distal radial-ulna joint or writst

Question 7

gomphoses

Answer 7

a peg-like part of a bone fits into an opening on another bone
- Ex: tooth into alveolar socket of jaw bone (periodontal ligaments)

Question 8

cartilaginous joints

Answer 8

bones are connected by cartilage

- no joint cavity present

Question 9

synchondroses

Answer 9

a plate of hyaline cartilage is found between the bones

• almost synthrotic joints
• epiphyseal plates
• between rib and sternum

Question 10

symphases

Answer 10

a plate of hyaline cartilage is found between the bones is a plate of fibrocartilage
amphiarthrotic joints

Question 11

Synovial joints

Answer 11

bones are separated by a fluid containing joint cavity which allows for a large degree of movement.

• Diarthrotic joints
• Fluid used is synovial fluid

Question 12

Fibrous capsule

Answer 12

dense irregular connective tissue

very tough

Question 13

synovial membrane

Answer 13

loose (areolar) connective tissue and a little epithelial tissue
- produces synovial fluid

Question 14

meniscus

Answer 14

pad of fibrocartilage on certain joints that acts as a protective pad/cushion

Question 15

ligaments

Answer 15

bone to bone connections

Question 16

tendon sheath

Answer 16

wraps around tendon which is filled with synovial fluid. protects tendon

Question 17

bursa

Answer 17

protects ligaments

Question 18

Gliding movements

Answer 18

one bone’s flat surface glides over another similar surface on a different point
(carpal and tarsal, clavicle and sternum)

Question 19

angular movements

Answer 19

increase or decrease the angle of the joint and brings the bones closer together

Question 20

flexion

Answer 20

movement that decreases the angle of the joint and brings the bones closer together

Question 21

extension

Answer 21

the reverse of flexion

Question 22

hyperextension

Answer 22

bones move beyond its straight or upright position

Question 23

dorsiflexion

Answer 23

the upward movement of the foot so that the superior surface of the foot moves towards the shin

Question 24

plantar flexion

Answer 24

the depression of the foot downward (pointing toes)

Question 25

abduction

Answer 25

lateral movement of a limb away from the midline of the body or away from the longest digit on the hands or feet

Question 26

hyperabduction

Answer 26

lateral movement of a limb (especially arms) to have it cross slightly over the midline and over to the other side of the body

Question 27

adduction

Answer 27

movement of a limb towards the midline of the body or towards the longest digit on the hands/feet

Question 28

hyperadduction

Answer 28

movement of a limb over the midline of the body or the movement of the fingers over the longest digit on the hand

Question 29

circumduction

Answer 29

movement of a limb sot hat it forms a cone in space like a pitcher for baseball

Question 30

rotation

Answer 30

turning the bone around its on axis - medial - in - lateral - out

Question 31

supination

Answer 31

movement of the ulna and radius that by rotating the forearm laterally, the palm of the hands faces superiorly

Question 32

pronation

Answer 32

movement of the ulna and radius that by rotating the forearm, the palm faces posteriorly

Question 33

inversion

Answer 33

special movement of the foot that causes the sole of the foot to move medially

Question 34

eversion

Answer 34

special movement of the foot that causes the sole of the foot to turn laterally

Question 35

protraction

Answer 35

the anterior movement of a body part in the transverse plane (pushing jaw out)

Question 36

retraction

Answer 36

the posterior movement of a body part in the transverse plane

Question 37

elevation

Answer 37

movement that raises a body part vertically in the frontal plane

Question 38

depression

Answer 38

movement that lowers a body part in the frontal plane (jaw dropping)

Question 39

excursion

Answer 39

lateral - movement of mandible away from midline | medial- movement of mandibal toward the midline position

Question 40

opposition

Answer 40

movement of the thumb to touch the tips of the fingers on the same hand

Question 41

hinge joint

Answer 41

looks like a hinge and usually only able to do flexion and extension

Question 42

plane joint

Answer 42

flat surface of 1 slights over the flat surface of another

Question 43

pivot joint

Answer 43

rounded end on 1 bone fits into sleeve like structure of another

Question 44

condiloid joint

Answer 44

allows rounded edges to "rock"

Question 45

ball and socket joint

Answer 45

ball in socket and is mostly freely movable

Question 46

What are some injuries of the joint?

Answer 46

sprain - ligaments surrounding joints are stretched or torn | dislocation

Question 47

What are some diseases of the joint?

Answer 47

osteoarthritis rheumatoid arthritis gouty arthritis

Question 48

arthritis

Answer 48

inflammation and degeneration of the joint

Question 49

osteoarthritis

Answer 49

most common and occurs as we age. Bone on bone comes into contact forming bone spurs

Question 50

Rheumatoid arthritis

Answer 50

autoimmune disease (immune system destroys joints and can happen at any point

Question 51

Gouty arthritis

Answer 51

gout build up of uric acid crystals happens typically in joints furthest away from their heart crystals can cut the soft tissues