Chapter 4

Question 1

What are the key features of epithelial tissue?

Answer 1

1. Has apical surface or free surface
2. Has basement membrane
3. Different surfaces demonstrate polarity
4. Vascular - no blood vessels

Question 2

What are the two major types of glands?

Answer 2

1. Endocrine glands

2. Exocrine glands

Question 3

Endocrine glands

Answer 3

have no duct to the outside of the body
- products are released into interstitial fluid
Examples: thyroid, pituitary, ovaries testes

Question 4

Exocrine glands

Answer 4

have a duct connecting them to the outside of the body

• products ultimately leave the body
• Examples: lacrimal gland (tear), sudoriferous (sweat) gland, and sebaceous (oil) gland

Question 5

What are the 3 types of exocrine glands based on physiology?

Answer 5

1. membrane glands
2. apocrine glands
3. holocrine glands

Question 6

membrane glands

Answer 6

secrete a water soluble product into the duct

- Salivary glands, lacrimal glands, some sweat glands

Question 7

apocrine glands

Answer 7

secretes a product that is slightly water soluble

• secretes part of the cell containing the product into the duct
• mammary glands

Question 8

holocrine glands

Answer 8

secrets a product that is water insoluble into the duct by breaking off the entire cell with the product inside and releasing both into the glands

Question 9

right junction

Answer 9

• found toward the free surface

- holds the cells tightly together

Question 10

desmosome

Answer 10

• holds 1 tightly to its neighbor

- acts like a weld

Question 11

hemidesmosome

Answer 11

anchors cell to a deeper cell or basement membrane

Question 12

Major functions of simple squamous epithelium

Answer 12

• rapid diffusion of gas
• filtration of certain ions and chemicals
• rapid diffusion of gases and ions in blood vessels

Question 13

Locations of simple squamous epithelium

Answer 13

• alveoli of the lung
• kidney/ Bowman’s capsule
• lining of blood vessels (endothelium)

Question 14

Locations of stratified squamous epithelium

Answer 14

• inside the oral cavity

- lining the esophagus, pharynx, anus, and vagina

Question 15

major functions of stratified squamous epithelium

Answer 15

• provides protection against small amounts of friction and abrasion in areas subject to minor scraping forces

Question 16

locations of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

Answer 16

• palm of hand

- sole of foot

Question 17

functions of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

Answer 17

provides protection against heavy friction and abrasion in areas subject to heavy scraping forces

Question 18

locations of simple cuboidal epithelium

Answer 18

• kidney tubules
• lining the bronchioles and sections of the thyroid gland
• liver

Question 19

functions of simple cuboidal epithelium

Answer 19

• filtration and excretion in kidneys

- secretion of thyroid hormone

Question 20

locations of simple columnar epithelium

Answer 20

• lines the small intestine and uterus

Question 21

functions of simple columnar epithelium

Answer 21

absorption of nutrients in small intestine

Question 22

locations of pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

Answer 22

lining the trachea

Question 23

functions of pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

Answer 23

• Cilia moves mucus up the trachea to remove particles and pathogens from lining of the trachea
• goblet cells produce mucus

Question 24

locations of transitional epithelium

Answer 24

• lining the ureters

- lining the urinary bladder

Question 25

major functions of transitional epithelium

Answer 25

provides protection of deeper tissues from materials in urine and is able to stretch as the bladder fills

Question 26

locations of dense regular connective tissue

Answer 26

- tendons - aponeuroses - ligaments - walls of large arteries (aorta)

Question 27

functions of dense regular connective tissue

Answer 27

- accommodates great pulling forces in 1 direction where elasticity is needed - attach muscle to muscle and bone to muscle

Question 28

locations of dense irregular connective tissue

Answer 28

- deep dermis of the skin especially in the deep dermis of the palms and soles of the feet - fibrous capsules surrounding organs and joints

Question 29

functions of dense irregular connective tissue

Answer 29

- accommodates heavy pulling forces in several directions | - provides structural strength

Question 30

locations of areolar connective tissue

Answer 30

- mesentary | - around capillaries

Question 31

functions of areolar connective tissue

Answer 31

- provides "packing" material between skin and muscle and between muscle and muscle. - accommodates gentle pulling forces in several directions - holds extracellular fluids

Question 32

locations of adipose tissue

Answer 32

- under skin in hypodermis | - around kidneys and eyeballs, buttocks, breasts, and abdomen

Question 33

functions of adipose tissue

Answer 33

- stores fuel - supports and cushions organs and body parts - insulation

Question 34

locations of reticular connective tissue

Answer 34

- lymph nodes - thymus - bone marrow - spleen

Question 35

functions of reticular connective tissue

Answer 35

support other cells and provide them an attachment point

Question 36

locations of blood

Answer 36

inside blood vessels

Question 37

functions of blood

Answer 37

- transport gases, nutrients, ions, hormones, and wastes | - helps repair damage to the body

Question 38

locations of compact bone (osseous tissue)

Answer 38

composes the majority of the long and short bones of the skeleton

Question 39

functions of compact bone (osseous tissue)

Answer 39

- extremely hard tissue that resists strong compressive and twisting forces - provides resistance to the pull of gravity

Question 40

locations of hyaline cartilage

Answer 40

covers the ends of long bones, costal cartilages between ribs and sternum, apex of the nose, trachea, and larynx

Question 41

functions of hyaline cartilage

Answer 41

- provides support and reinforcement | - prevents bone rubbing bone

Question 42

locations of elastic cartilage

Answer 42

external ear (pinna/auricle), epiglottis

Question 43

functions of elastic cartilage

Answer 43

- maintains shape of structure while providing flexibility | - can distort and then return to original shape

Question 44

locations of fibrocartilage

Answer 44

invertebral discs, pubic symphysis, meniscus of knee joint, meniscus of temporal-mandibular joint.

Question 45

functions of fibrocartilage

Answer 45

- provides great strength against compressive forces - acts as a shock absorber - resists compression - prevents bone on bone contact

Question 46

locations of mesenchymal connective tissue

Answer 46

highly concentrated in the umbilical cord

Question 47

functions of mesenchymal connective tissue

Answer 47

can differentiate into several other connective tissues

Question 48

locations of skeletal muscle

Answer 48

attached to the bones of the skeleton

Question 49

functions of skeletal muscle

Answer 49

movement of bones

Question 50

locations of cardiac muscle

Answer 50

walls of the heart

Question 51

functions of cardiac muscle

Answer 51

moves blood throughout the body

Question 52

locations of smooth muscle

Answer 52

- wrapped around the walls of hollow organs | - walls of blood vessels

Question 53

functions of smooth muscle

Answer 53

moves material through organs

Question 54

locations of nervous tissue

Answer 54

brain spinal cord nerves

Question 55

functions of nervous tissue

Answer 55

allows for communication and control by using electrical and chemical signals