RT 77 pathology > Ch. 7 Urinary system > Flashcards

Ch. 7 Urinary system Flashcards

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1
Q

What does the urinary system consist of?

A
  • 2 kidneys
  • 2 Ureters
  • Urinary bladder
  • Urethra
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2
Q

What is the function of the urinary system

A

Forms urine and removes waste in the bloodstream by excretion.

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3
Q

Where is urine formed

Where is it stored?

A
  1. in the kidneys

2. In the bladder

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4
Q

Area where the structures enter and leave the kidney is known as _____

What are the structures

  1. ____
  2. ____
  3. ____-
A

Hilius

  1. renal artery and vein
  2. lymphatics
  3. nerve plexus
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5
Q

Where are the kidneys located?

A

Retroperitoneal

@ the level of T12 & L3

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6
Q

____ is the functional unit of a kidney that is responsible for forming and excreting urine.

A

Nephron

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7
Q

What is a nephron

A

Unit within the kidney that forms and excretes urine.

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8
Q

What is the nephron unit composed of

A
  1. Glomerulus ( Ball like cluster of specialized capillaries)
  2. Bowman’s Capsule
  3. Convoluted tubes
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9
Q

Ball like cluster of specialized capillaries is known as _____

A

Glomerulus

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10
Q

Describe the renal collecting system

A
  1. Blood is filtered (cleaned) in the glomerulus
  2. Fluid then moves our of it and into the Bowman’s capsule
  3. Fluid then flows to the convoluted tubes
    = URINE IS PRODUCED
  4. Nephron unit ends into a “Colllecting tube” that opens into the renal papilla
  5. then the minor calyce
  6. then to major calyces
  7. Terminates to renal pelvis
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11
Q

Describe the ureters

  1. Where are they
  2. Function
A
  • Extend from kidney to bladder (posteriolaterally)
  • 10” long
  • Drain urine from kidney to bladder
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12
Q

Describe the bladder

  1. Where is it?
  2. Function?
A
  1. muscular sac that is capable of distension and is posterior to pubic symphysis
  2. function: Stores urine
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13
Q

_____acts a resivorior for urine before it is expelled from the body

A

bladder

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14
Q

____ Drain urine from the kidney to the bladder

A

Ureters

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15
Q

Superior portion of bladder

A

dome

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16
Q

Tube that leads from the urniary bladder to the exterior of body is known as ____

A

urethra

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17
Q

What is the urethra

A

tube leading from urinary bladder to the outside of body

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18
Q

What are the most common laboratory test conducted prior to IV contrast to ensure a patient does not go into renal failure ?

A
  1. Creatinine

2. BUN

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19
Q

Waste product derived form a breakdown of component found in muscle tissue

A

creatinine

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20
Q

what doe GU stand for

A

gentioruniary

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21
Q

What purpose does a a scout KUB serve

A
  1. To ensure bowel preparation

2. to view kidney structures that may not show with contrast

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22
Q
  1. What is IVU

2. Idication

A
  1. Intravenous urography aka IVP
    * Series of timed images to examine the urinary system
  • 1st image after bolus injection = nephrogram phase
  • Last image= Post void KUB
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23
Q

Series of timed images to visualize the urinary system

A

IVU ( Intravenous urography)

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24
Q

Term for image taken right after injection of contrast for IVU

A

Nephrogram phase

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25
What is the final step in a IVU exam
Post void KUB
26
Obstruction of urinary system that causes dilation of renal pelvis and calyces Classification Pathology
Hydronephrosis Degenerative Additive
27
# Define hydronephrosis Classification | Pathology
Obstruction of urinary system that causes dilation of renal pelvis and calyces Degenerative Additive
28
IVP is another name to which exam
IVU intravenous urography
29
Most common exam for studying the LOWER urinary tract?
Cystography performed retrograde
30
Describe cystography 1. What is it 2. Indication for exam
* most common exam for LOWER urinary system * contrast injected with catheter into the urethra and into bladder via retrograde *Indication= VUR vesicoureteral reflux ( flow of urine back up the ureters)
31
What exam is used when there is indication of Vesicoureteral reflux
cystography
32
Flow of urine back up the ureters due to an incompetent ureteral valve classification Pathology exam radiographic appearance
vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) Congenital none cystography bladder trabeculae
33
Define vesicoureteral reflux
Flow of urine back up the ureters due to an incompetent ureteral valve
34
micturition is medical term for _____
voiding
35
what is the medical term for voiding
micturition
36
1. what does VCUG stand for 2. What is it 3. Indication
1. Voiding Cystourethrography 2. Exam done in combo with cystography that examines the urethra while voiding 3. VUR
37
What is the difference between antegrade vs retrograde urethrography
Antegrade: Used to study the female urethra -Used to show the contrast goes into the kidneys and down into the bladder Retrograde: *AKA retrograde urethrogram (RUG) used to study distal urethra in males -Shows the contrast goes up through the urethra, into the bladder
38
method of choice when looking at urethral trauma in males
RUG | retrograde urethrogram
39
Which exam is performed by a urologist during a cystoscopy why is it performed?
retrograde pyelography to examine the renal collecting system
40
What is the imaging modality of choice for most renal disorders
sonography
41
One of the most invasive urinary procedures performed is known as ____
renal angiography image the vasculature of kidney(s)
42
antegrade study that involves contrast that is injected directly into the renal pelvis
percutaneous nephrostography
43
method that uses high frequency shockwaves to disintergrate a stone (calculi) into smaller fragments
extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (SWL)
44
What is the purpose of a nephrostomy tube
allows for drainage when the normal flow of urine is inhibited through the urinary system
45
_____ connects the renal pelvis to the outside of the body
nephrostomy tube used when normal flow of urine is inhibited through the urinary system
46
allows for wider opening of the ureter
ureteral stent (upper portion in renal pelvis and lower portion in the bladder) - Placed surgically or cytoscopy
47
Describe the Foley catheter
Indwelling catheter that is placed in the bladder using sterile technique and is kept in place with an inflated balloon. *used for cstyography for contrast Usually connected to a urine bag that must be placed lower than the bladder to prevent reflux - should always be kept @ levels below the bladder to prevent UTI
48
name one way a UTI is caused
when urine flows back into the bladder , opposite than normal flow.
49
____ is used for patients who require long term catheterization of the bladder.
suprapubic catheter
50
``` 1. What is renal agenesis AKA______ 2. Classification Pathology 3. Exam to diagnose ```
aka: aplasia missing kidney on one side while there is an enlargement of kidney on the other side 2. Congenital None 3.Ultrasound
51
missing of both kidney
potter syndrome aka bilateral agenesis leads to death
52
missing kidney on one side while there is an enlargement of kidney on the other side Classification: Pathology Exam to diagnose
renal agnesis aka aplasia congenital None sonography
53
presence of an undeveloped third small kidney Classification Pathology
supernumerary kidney congenital None
54
What is a supernumerary kidney Classification Pathology
presence of an undeveloped third small kidney congenital None
55
what is hypoplasia Classification pathology associated with _____
kidney that is smaller than normal size but with normal nephrons Congenital None Hypotension
56
1. what is hypoplasia 2. Classification pathology 3. associated with _____
kidney that is smaller than normal size but with normal nephrons 2. Congenital None 3. hypertension
57
over development of a kidney calssification pathology
hperplasia Congenital None
58
1.what is horsehoe kidney 2. Classification Pathology
fusion of a both kidneys 2. Congenital None
59
What is the most common fusion anamaly Classification Pathology
horseshoe kidney "renal poles are touching" Congenital None
60
fusion in which there are 2 kidneys on one side , one inferior to the other while the ureter crosses the mid-line to connect to the bladder. Classification Pathology
crossed ectopy second most common anaomly Congenital None
61
what is the second most common fusion anamoly Classification Pathology
crossed ectopy ( One kidney is fused to the other as it lies across the mid-line of the body ) Congenital None
62
incomplete or excessive rotation of kidney while in ureto Classification Pathology
malrotation congenital None
63
Define malrotation
rotation of kidney while on ureto
64
Kidneys that are out of position and located in the pelvic or sacral region are known as _____ classification pathology
Ectopic kidney congenital none
65
what is an ectopic kidney Classification Pathology
Kidneys that are out of position and located in the pelvic or sacral region Congenital None
66
kidney that drops towards the pelvis while in an erect position Classification pathology
kidney prolaspe aka : nephroptosis Congenital none
67
what is nephroptosis
kidney that drops towards the pelvis while in an erect position
68
ureter that has a cyst like appearance near the opening into the bladder Classification Pathology
ureterocele Radiographic appearance = cobra head Congenital None
69
1.What is a ureterocele 2. Classification Pathology 3. Radiographic appearance
1.ureter that has a cyst like appearance near the opening into the bladder (cobra head) 2. Congenital None 3. Cobra head
70
outpouch of the ureter Classification Pathology
ureteral diverticula Congenital Additive
71
1.What is a ureteral diverticula 2. Classification Pathology 3. exam to diagnose
1. dilated or branched out pouch of the ureter 2. Congenital Additive 3. retrograde urography
72
sacs or outpouching of the bladder is known Classification Pathology Exam to diagnose
bladder diverticula congenital None exam: cystography
73
the condition in which there are many tiny cyst in the nephron unit Exam Classification Pathology
polycystic kidney disease (PKD) autosomal dominant= most common Exam: CT congenital Subtractive
74
Most common bacterial infection Classification Pathology
UTI Inflammatory None
75
What is the most common renal disease Classification Pathology
pyelonephritis =bacterial infection of the pelvis and calyces Inflammatory None
76
what is acute pyelonephritis classification Pathology
most common renal disease in which there is a bacterial infection of the renal pelvis and calyces Inflammatory None
77
What is cystitis classificaiton Pathology
inflammation of the bladder that can be acute or chronic inflammatory Additive
78
radiographic appearance in which there is roughening of the bladder wall is known as
bladder trabeculae seen in VUR vesicoureteral reflux
79
Which polycystic kidney disease is asymptomatic in childhood and clinical symptoms appear in adulthood
autosomal dominant
80
Most common renal disease Classification Pathology
pyelonephritis =bacterial infection of the renal pelvis and caylaces Congenital None
81
inflammation of the bladder that can be acute or chronic Classification pathology
cystitis inflammatory Additive
82
thickening that occurs in the small vessels of kidneys
nephrosclerosis
83
What is neprhosclerosis
thickening that occurs in the kidneys small vessels
84
most stones are formed in the ____ or ____.
Caylaces or renal pelvis
85
A large calculus that shapes into the renal pelvis caylaces is known as Classification Pathology exam to diagnose
staghorn pelvis Inflammatory Additive exam: spiral CT "stone study"
86
the most common place for a calculus to lodge and cause an obstruction is known as the ____
uretovesical junction
87
severe pain caused by movement of the stone
renal colic
88
_____ is a characteristic of renal failure
uremia urea in the blood
89
lack of kidney function Classification Pathology
kidney failure Degenerative None
90
obstructive disorder in which the renal pelvis and caylaces become dilated with urine Classification Pathology EXAM:
hydronphrosis Caused by calculus Degenerative Additive Sonography
91
CT "stone study" is used to examine which pathology Classification: Pathology
staghorn calculi Inflammatory Additive
92
hyrdronephrosis can lead to ____
ischemia
93
most common malignant tumor of kidney Where does it arise from
renal cell carcinoma | = adenocarcinoma that arises from the convoluted tube
94
adenocarcinoma that arises from the convoluted tube
renal cell carcinoma
95
``` wilm's tumor is known as ____ Exam to diagnose____ what is it classification pathology ```
nephroblastoma kidney tumor in children before the age of 5 Sonography neoplastic neither additive nor subtractive
96
____ is the method of choice for investigation of bladder carcinoma whereas diagnosis is made from ____ Classification Pathology
1. cystoscopy 2. biopsy Neoplastic Neither additive nor subtractive
97
tiny deposits of calcium phosphate dispursed through the renal parenchyma caused by disturbance in calcium metabolism
nephrocalcinosis additive
98
difference between ectopic kidney and kidney prolapse and how to distinguish between them
ectopic kidney is a kindey that is misplaced and located in the pelvic or sacral region where as a kidney prolapse is a mobile kidney that falls into the pelvic area when erect. can be distinguished by the size of the ureter. A short ureter = ectopic kidney
RT 77 pathology
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