What is metabolism?
-All chemical reactions and workings of a cell
What is anabolism?
-Biosynthesis: synthesis of cell molecules and structures
What is catabolism?
-break the bonds of larger molecules to release energy
What are characteristics of enzymes?
- made of protein
- acts as catalysts to speed up cellular reactions
- lowers energy needed for chemical reaction
- unique characteristics like shape and function
- active site for molecules called substrates
- much larger in size than substrates
- associated with substrates but do not become integrated into the reaction products
- not used up or changed by a reaction
- can be recycled
- affected by temp and pH
- regulated by feedback and genetic mechanisms
What are important components of coenzymes?
Coenzyme is organic compounds that work with the apoenzyme to alter the substrate.
-Remove a chemical group from a substrate and adds it to another substrate
-Carry and transfers hydrogen atoms, electrons, carbon dioxide, and amino groups
(Vitamins are key components)
What are extremozymes?
function under extreme environmental conditions such as very high pH, very low pH, high temperature, high salinity, or other factors, that would otherwise denature typical enzymes (catalase, rubisco, carbonic anhydrase).
What is induced enzymes?
-the production of which is either turned on (induced) or turned off (repressed) in response to changes in concentration of the substrate.
What is constitutive enzymes?
-always present in constant amounts, regardless of the cellular environment
What are endoenzymes?
- retained Intracellularly and function there
- most enzymes of metabolic pathways
What are exoenzymes?
- transported extracellularly
- breaks down large food molecules or harmful chemicals
Examples of exoenzymes
- cellulase
- amylase
- penicillinase
What are oxidoreductases?
-transfer electrons from one substrate to another
What are transferases?
-transfer functional groups from one compound to another
What is cyclic pathways?
- example: glycolysis
- ATP production during photosynthesis is sometimes called photophosphorylation
- Cyclic you start with one product and end with the same product, starting the cycle over again.
What is linear pathways?
- Linear you start with one product and end with another different product
- example: Krebs Cycle
What is non competitive inhibition and competitive inhibition?
- non competitive is the molecule does not bind in the same site as the substrate
- competitive is the normal substrate and competing inhibitor are competing for the binding site
What occurs during electron transfer?
.
What key molecules are carriers during respiration?
.
Characteristics of glycolysis.
- glucose is activated by adding phosphate to make glucose-6-phosphate
- converted to fructose-6-phosphate by another phosphate making fructose diphosphate
- split into 3 carbon molecules and two ATPs have been used
- converting 3 carbon molecules into two glucose-3-phosphate
- everything from here to the end happens twice, one to each 3 carbon molecule
- both receive another phosphate and at the same time 2NADs reduce to NADHs. (These NADH will be used in the last step of catabolism to make ATP)
- lost four steps of glycolysis, the 3 carbon molecule donates its phosphates to ADP to make four new ATP and two 3-carbon molecules with no phosphates called pyruvic acid.
- since two ATPs were used in earlier steps, there is only 2 ATPs
What is produced during glycolysis?
-converts glucose into pyruvic acid
What occurs in the transition reaction?
.
What is produced in the transition reaction?
.
Characteristics of the Krebs Cycle.
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What is produced in the Krebs Cycle? Why is it cyclic?
.
